Evaluate own role in life long learning Essay

Evaluating My own Role and Responsibilities in Lifelong Learning To evaluate my own role and responsibilities as an assessor I need to be honest with myself as well as brave. I have a good understanding of my role and responsibilities, but to improve I need to become a reflective practitioner which can only be achieved if I am prepared to evaluate my own performance [ Petty.G pg 527]. By using Kolb’s learning style model, I realise it’s useful concepts can help me understand how my learning behaviour can help others to learn. My role is to communicate effectively with the learners, but do I? Recently I was helping a learner prepare for his functional skills writing assessment. I explained to him how to layout a letter, which side your address goes on which side the recipient’s goes on etc. After the assessment I was informed he had put his address on the wrong side at the top of the page. Did he not hear what I said? Did he forget? Easy to blame the learner, but did I explain well enough and what did I do to confirm his understanding? Poor performance is sensitive subject, but if I’m not prepared to face up to my failures then I can’t expect my successes to be acknowledged either.[Petty.G Pg518] So I have concrete experience of contributing to a learner loosing marks on his assessment. Now I need to reflect on the experience and think how effective was my teaching, obviously not good in some areas but his greetings, layout, structure and ending were good so I was effective in other areas. At this stage of abstract conceptualisation, I ask myself why was I good and effective in some areas, and not in others. Here I think about the methods I used, and do I need more question to confirm understanding, maybe some fun activities. This is when the final stage of the cycle kicks in, it’s when I plan active experimentation. Here I decide how I can do things differently, what new methods shall I try that will produce improved results, and maybe take that brave step into the unknown with new material. Being self critical is not enough though, it’s my responsibility to get direct and indirect feedback when I can, learner questionnaires, college observations also indirect feedback can be just as effective, this can be collected during training or assessment through observation. Maybe learners are not engaged, making no eye contact, separate conversations carrying on the classroom, all good  feedback. I use my CPD records to detail my development. Today I was observed and my folders were quality checked by our Internal Quality Assurer, who also spoke with learners and gave me verbal and written feedback. IQA records I keep a long with minutes and details from our standardisation meetings, where we have the opportunity to liaise with other trainers, teachers and lean practitioners. I keep all Individual Learner Plan where records of initial assessment are recorded, where any needed support has been identified and details of planned and actual reviews are written. Reference List Petty.G. (2009) Teaching Today Fourth Edition, Cheltenham: Nelson Thornes LTD www.cardiff.ac.uk/isru/educationalandtraining/infolit/hilt/section8.1.doc 23/03/14

Some Aspects Of British Architecture Essay

My male parent ‘s household is from Hampshire county in England. He lived in Gosport until age 18 when he attended to the University of Leeds ( northern England ) . He worked in Manchester and London, and so he moved to USA. My male parent ‘s household ‘s roots on his female parent ‘s side can be traced to the Gallic Huguenot household. They were Protestants being persecuted by Catholics and so they fled to Guernsey in the channel islands so came to England. My male parent came to the USA in 1983 from England because Margaret Thatcher cut his support with the Tropical Medicine Disease Board. He was working at St. George ‘s infirmary in London at the clip. He moved to the Unites States because he had met an American in Bogota who had got him a occupation for with the US authorities. Like most migrators, he was looking for work. My male parent went to work at Montana State University, but his visa expired so he left the Unites States and went to Canada to happen work because he could n't acquire a Green card. He will return with me & A ; my mother old ages subsequently in 1994. My household ‘s roots are in, Gosport a town, territory and borough that is along the southern seashore of England in Hampshire county. It is the 4th largest metropolis in Hampshire, and until the late twentieth century it was a outstanding military and naval centre. Its location was ideal because it is in Portsmouth Harbor opposite the metropolis of Portsmouth. This is of import to me because my gramps was one of the Queen ‘s Royal Physicians in the Royal Navy for many old ages. Naval activities declined in the last one-fourth of the twentieth century and so installings related to these activities are unfastened to the populace and attract tourers. These include Fort Blockhouse and Palmerston Forts like Fort Brockhurst. Gosport and Portsmouth are popular tourer finish because of the historic significance, but this helped by the temperate clime in southern England. The winters are cold but it seldom snows. The summer is warm, normally temperatures in the 70s or 80s. Royal Hospital Haslar closed in 2009. It was the last officially recognized military infirmary in England at the clip it closed and had been opened since 1753. Obviously many well-known naval officers were born and/or brought up in Gosport. Roger Black who was an Olympic Athlete that ran path was brought up at that place. He won single Ag decorations in both universe title and Olympic Games. The beginning of the name â€Å" Gosport † is controversial. Some believe it was derived from â€Å" God ‘s Port † but other historiographers and lingual specializer argue it could be derived from the word†¦ â€Å" goose. † The importance of naval civilization in southern England can be traced back to the Tudor period ( 1485-1603 ) . The first naval ships were built by Henry the VII, the first Tudor sovereign and the fleet was expanded by his boy, Henry the VIII. English civilization during Tudor times is intriguing. Not merely was it when the Royal Navy was created, which has shaped British civilization for coevalss, but Henry VIII initiates what is now known as the English Reformation which was the beginning of a spiritual yo-yo that lasted throughout the Tudor dynasty and has mostly influenced English faith as we know it. Tudor society was mostly agricultural. Agriculturists grew chiefly rye and barley for staff of life and herbs and veggies for soups. Most households were besides pastoralists. They kept animate beings to bring forth cheese, milk and eggs. The most common animate beings were hogs and poulets. The first Royal Navy was built, get downing of the British navigation tradition. The officers and soldiers on board used information engineering to turn up and strategize on how best to assail and get the better of their enemies. Southern England was particularly affected because of its location. Before, the King had to borrow merchandiser ships to travel to war, and as these ships were n't meant to transport many heavy canons and accidents were frequent so King Henry VII solved this job of endurance by constructing specialized ships. The new navy ships had gun ports so they could transport more canons and the canons would be unafraid. Southern England was ideal for building non merely because of close-by organic structures of H2O such as the English Channel, River Thames and Portsmouth Harbor but because of the woods of Kent and Sussex that were needed for edifice stuffs for these ships. Naval paces were built in legion locations in Southern England and many still play a function in today ‘s civilization, either politically because they are still used for military intents or economically because of touristry. This began at the clip of the House of tudors and has influences the cultural moral force in England today. We can state the new naval forces was an of import portion of civilization because we know so much about the ships of this clip. The male monarchs and Queenss in Tudor times were really proud of their ships. Pictures were drawn and narratives were written about them, so we know a batch about what they looked like and the events out at sea. Industrialism was introduced during the terminal of Tudor period.A Coal lead and Sn were mined, though this wo n't take off until the eighteenth century. It did, nevertheless, lead to increase in the figure of towns and their size due to the migration towards the mines in hunt of work. Technologies of industrialism were crude. Industrialists used chiefly shovels. This was possible because the mines were shallow and in some instances mining merely consisted of grating the surface where the merchandises could be found. Agricultural engineering consisted chiefly of ploughs, which were normally pulled by Equus caballuss or other animate beings. Pastoralists † engineering was besides unsophisticated. Their farm animal lived in barns or little constructions. In many instances they were fenced in. they were kept on the farm, near the house so they would hold easy entree to the merchandises, such as milk and eggs. Shearss for shearing sheep were an of import portion of pastoralist engineering, as the demand for wool was high. Ships were evidently the most of import engineering for those who subsisted utilizing information. Though the particular naval ships had been built, sometimes the male monarch still had to borrow merchandiser ships to his fleet complete fleet. On board these ships were canons. There were two types sorted by weight: heavy and light. Specialized naval ships allowed more heavy canons to be on board. Hand-held arms called expresswaies and measures were besides on board, along with longbows, and towards the mid/late 1500 ‘s matchlock muskets were on the stock lists of big ships. Gun shields were portion of the ships protection, and crude pilotage engineerings and surgical engineerings were besides used on board naval ships. These were of import because they helped construe the information and maintain the crew and soldiers healthy. Division of labour during the Tudor period was really much gender related. Womans did n't take part in industrialism. Boys and work forces worked in the mines, and the adult females stayed place and took attention of the house. This meant cookery, cleaning and child-rearing. Though agricultural adult females besides tended to the place, they grew nutrient in gardens and, though the work forces did much of the work in the field, the adult females would take excess to markets to sell. Pastoralist adult females were besides homemakers, but like agricultural adult females they had other occupations. They tended to the animate beings, which included feeding them and, for illustration, milking the cattles. When it came to occupations in the naval forces, the division of labour was different. There were no adult females in the naval forces, and the occupations on the ships were divided by specialisation. On big ships like the pride and joy of Henry VIII the Mary Rose ; there were 200 crewmans to make the manual work on board. They took attention of the ship since the following class of workers was the soldiers and officers. There were different rankings in the naval forces, much like today, and some are appointed by the male monarch while others may be promoted. They were in charge of forming and contending the conflicts. On a ship like the Mary Rose, there were about 185 soldiers on board. The concluding group is the artillerymans, who were in charge of the arms on board. there was besides a physician on board, to take attention of the ill or those wounded in conflict. Henry Tudor came became England ‘s sovereign in 1485. He killed Richard III, and proclaimed that his power was legitimate â€Å" by conquering and God ‘s judgement on the battleground. † A sovereign ‘s power is God-given. Henry Tudor became Henry VII King of England because he believed God had chosen him to get the better of Richard III. He is instantly accepted as King because if a sovereign chosen by God is questioned, God ‘s authorization is questioned. This would be unacceptable in these times. The system is centralized and persons have yielded their personal sovereignty the sovereign, who is God ‘s representative. They are hence indirectly giving to God. There was besides a parliament in Tudor times. Decisions are made by the King or Queen and a little group of advisors. Before the determinations become Torahs they must be approved by the parliament. The parliament, nevertheless, is submissive to the King for the most portion. Since by oppugn ing the sovereign you question God, parliament seldom disagreed with the King. Again, all personal sovereignty is yielded to the caput of province. For the most portion, political engagement of the general population was minimum. Parliament consisted of two houses, The House of Lords who are appointed because of their rubric and the House of Commons. They members of the latter are supposed to be elected by the people in the country they represent, but there are few electors so normally the largest landholder designates the representative. These were the first efforts to do citizens politically engaged, and though it did n't work good at the clip, it contributed to the English civilization we have today and how the civilization is reflected politically. There is still a royal household in England today, but they are constitutional sovereigns, intending they merely have ceremonial and representational responsibilities. The Prime Minister who holds much of the political power is democratically elected. The system remains centralised because though the people elect their leader, legalizing his authorization, they still yield their single sovereignty to him. There is still respect for the royal household. When Windsor Palace burnt down, the taxpayers agreed to reconstruct it out of regard for the Queen. The royal household and is such an of import symbol of English civilization that symbols stand foring its prestigiousness are valued to a high degree. The current Queen is really smart and seen as an authorization. The premier curate goes to see her on a hebdomadal footing to inquire for advice and discuss affairs of province. She has been queen since 1952, doing her one of the longest-serving caputs of province in the universe. She is perceived as a valuable resource. This is why the people respect her today and why the royal household is an of import and long-standing symbol of British civilization. Most of the good are produced by agriculturists and pastoralists. The excess nutrient grown on their farms is taken to market to be sold. Negative reciprocality is used in the exchange of goods at the market. For illustration, craftsmen which produce pots needed by the agriculturists need the nutrient produced by the agriculturists. The marketer will seek and acquire what he needs from the exchange by acquiring the better terminal of the exchange. This is the footing of capitalist economy. These markets are an illustration of primary and secondary economic sectors. The agriculturists are selling natural stuff and nutrients ( primary ) and the craftsmen are selling finished goods ( secondary ) . The currencies used in the negative reciprocality exchange are lbs, shilling and pence. Tudor England was known for its wool, which accounted for 90 % of English exports at the clip. Subsequently in the Tudor period industrialists ‘ goods would besides be exported but I smaller per centums. Imports were chiefly for the benefit of higher socio-economic categories. These imports included tapestry, lacing for all right vesture and art from Brussels, Venice and Iznik. Henry VIII was known for the big sum of Gallic vino imported during his reign. This brings us to the third sector: services. One illustration in Tudor times would be merchandisers, whose ships were used in the negative mutual exchanges with other states, importing all right goods and exporting wool. Henry VIII, the 2nd Tudor male monarch, spun England into spiritual convulsion. Religion was really of import during the Tudor period. One of the cultural intents of faith is to function as a moral guideline for behaviour. When Cathrine of Aragon, Henry VIII ‘s first married woman, failed to give him a boy, Henry VII requested the Pope to allow him a divorce since the Roman Catholic Church was caput of England ‘s Church. The Pope refused. When the King failed to acquire a divorce, he decided that he would go the caput of the Church of England, interrupting off from the Roman Catholic Church. He was so able to allow himself a divorce, and get married his 2nd married woman Anne Boleyn. This was merely acceptable because the Church had declared his matrimony bastard. This matrimony represented the triumph of Protestantism. However, after Henry VIII and his boy Edward ‘s deceases, Mary I, his first girl and a devout Catholic, was crowned queen. The 1s responsible for he r enthronement was the group of Roman Catholics who still recognized her female parent ‘s matrimony to Henry VIII legitimate since the Pope had n't declared it illegitimate. This meant that she was still portion of Henry VIII line of descent and was entitled to his throne. Religion ‘s cultural importance here is clear: it defines line of descents and empowers persons. Queen Mary I persecuted Protestants, seeking to reconstruct the Roman Catholic Church at the caput of the Church England. After her decease, Elizabeth was crowned queen. She eventually was able to settle the cultural issue that had stemmed from the difference sing who was to be the caput of the Church. She re-established the Church of England, but balanced the demands of the Puritans and the Catholics. This brings us to where we are today: the British Monarch is the caput of the Church of England. Though faith is no longer every bit of import as it was during the reign of the Tudor dynasty, there are far fe wer Roman Catholics ( 9 % ) in England today that people who belong to the Church of England ( 20 % ) . These statistics are the consequence of the spiritual yo-yo during the Tudor dynasty. Family is the most basic signifier of societal organisation in any civilization. The anthropological maps of matrimony are clearly reflected in Tudor civilization. Marriage is first and foremost to legalize the kids. When Henry VIII divorced his first married woman and once more when he divorced his 4th married woman, the girls he had had with them were declared bastard. At the clip they were declared bastard, they were ne'er expected to go up to the throne because when the matrimony dissolved they were no longer portion of his line of descent. Many matrimonies in Tudor times allied households and allowed for money, land or power to stay under a certain household ‘s control. For illustration, after the decease of Henry VIII ‘s boy Edward, Lord President Numberland hoped that Lady Jane Grey would go queen so he could get married her to his boy, seting his household in a place of political power. Marriage is besides the footing of affinity: when Mary I became queen, she dec lared that Henry VIII and Cathrine of Aragon ( her female parent ‘s ) matrimony was legitimate. This meant she was still portion of the Tudor dynasty and, had she had kids, they would hold ascended to the throne because they are portion of Tudor line of descent. Tudor matrimonies were arranged, particularly for richer households because big sums of belongings, money and power were at interest. Marriages were monogamous: a adult male could merely be married to one adult female and a adult female merely to one adult male, therefore the divorces, executings and deceases of five of the six married womans of Henry VIII. This means that matrimonies were exogamic by sex: people married people of the opposite sex. However, people have a inclination to hold endogamic matrimonies by socio-economic categories were expected and hence the most common. Children were married immature, misss normally between the ages of 15 or 16 and male childs between the ages of 18 and 21. The life anticipation was merely 35, so they had to be able to reproduce and care for their kids until they are no longer dependent. Typical Tudor households tended to be atomic and patrilocal.A When the male parent ‘s parents died, his estates and other properties and in some instances his rubric was passed down to his boy or boies. Descent was unilineal and patrilineal. The hubby or male parent was ever caput of the family, and adult females were by and large considered inferior. Their function in the matrimony was to take attention of the family and give birth to boies to transport on the household name. Even today in England, many facets of modern matrimony remain patrilocal- for illustration, adult females lose their maiden name and take their hubbies ‘ names. This is another testament to the male high quality in Tudor times and throughout British history. The lone ground to maintain path of a adult female ‘s line of descent would be if it was of import in allying two households. For illustration, when Henry VIII married Anne of Cleves to ally himself with her German Protestant Brother, he s ubsequently declared the matrimony bastard, but did n't lock her up like he had Cathrine of Aragon. Alternatively she became an adopted sister to maintain the confederation strong. Four groups constituted the socio-economic categories in Tudor England. The first was aristocracy, which were chiefly land proprietors. The 2nd consisted of aristocracy and rich merchandisers. Gentlemen besides owned land, and were educated. They ne'er did any manual work, because it was considered beneath them. Yeomans and craftsmen, like aristocracy, owned their ain land, but they were n't systematically educated and worked alongside those who worked for them. Finally, the lowest socio-economic category was the renters who leased land from the rich. They were ever illiterate and hapless. Stratification was based on how much land one had, how educated the individual was and how much manual labour they were required to make. It was possible to alter stratification, or societal ranking, in Tudor England, but it was really hard and did n't go on frequently. With difficult work, a renter could buy his ain land or possibly larn a trade to go a craftsman. Not all kids in Tudor Times went to school. Merely the kids belonging to households higher in stratification went to school. Boys lower in stratification hoped to acquire an apprenticeship to larn a trade. Those higher in the stratification went to Chantry school until they were closed during the English Reformation. After Chantry schools closed down, affluent households created â€Å" grammar schools † . The smartest male childs were able to go to University. There were merely two in England in the sixteenth century. They were Oxford and Cambridge, and they still exist today and are among the most esteemed in the universe. Womans of lower categories, nevertheless, were ne'er educated. Those belonging to a higher stratification had coachs come to their places, or female parents taught their girls. Some facets of British instruction have changed really small. For illustration, when my male parent was go toing school, he went to grammar school and everyone learned Latin and Greek. These were topics in grammar school in Tudor times. King Edward made many schools free, and today in England, there are dearly-won private schools ( though the English name them â€Å" Public Schools † ) but there are besides legion free schools and if a household can non afford to direct their kid to university the authorities pays if the pupil gets good plenty classs. House of tudors had to do their ain amusement. Those populating in poorness frequently went to dramas. Marlowe and Shakespeare were great dramatists, and they contributed to the integrating of theater into English civilization. By 1595, dramas were undeniably popular. Theaters were really popular in London. Up to 15,000 people attended dramas each hebdomad in London! Before the popularity of dramas lead to the edifice of theaters during Elizabeth ‘s reign companies travelled from town to town and performed informally in the streets. Elizabethan theater is still an of import portion of British civilization. We can travel watch dramas at the Globe Theatre in London, and dramas by Shakespeare and other well-known dramatists from the clip are performed all over the universe. The rich were n't every bit limited in their signifiers of amusement. Though the in-between ages were over, fencing and jousting were common among households of higher stratification. They besides watched bear combat and went Hawking.

A Study On Protestant Reformation History Essay

A Study On Protestant Reformation History Essay With reference to England, Scotland and Germany the extent to which the Protestant Reformation affected the development of their nation states and national identities was not uniform. Each country will be discussed on an individual basis as will agreement or otherwise because although there were similar consequences there were also different results from the Protestant Reformation. To start with reference will be made to Germany first, partly because the Protestant Reformation started there and partly because in many ways it was far more complicated a situation than England and Scotland. Unlike England and Scotland, Germany was not a country that actually existed, let alone having more or less established borders with national institutions, monarchies and a sense of nationality. The only things that the Germans held in common was that they spoke dialects and variations of the same language and that they were under the nominal rule of the Holy Roman Emperor.The Holy Roman Empire was split up into over 300 states of various sizes and importance. These states were keen on maintaining their autonomy from the empire; the Protestant Reformation would provide some of those states with a pretext for increasing their independence (Maland, 1982, p.148). The Protestant Reformation started in Germany rather more by accident than by design in 1517. The Augustinian friar Martin Luther started the process by his protest against indulgences at Wittenberg. Luther was an accomplished theologian and would prove highly capable of writing his views and ideas in German as well as Latin. Luther was astute enough to put things in German to spread his ideas further through pamphlets, books and bibles thus increasing the availability of publications in German. The lack of imperial authority in Germany meant that Luther and the Reformation was able to survive (Roberts, 1996, pp.227-28). The Protestant Reformation had added attraction to the Germans because it gave them a greater sense o f a German identity rather than being subjects of the various states and statelets. Luther had not anticipated all the effects of unleashing that greater sense of being German would be a further division of the German states rather than bringing them closer together. There were also more radical reformers such as Carlstadt that whipped up so much support for radical reform it culminated in the Peasants War. Luther was against such radicalism and tied the Lutheran Reformation closely to the secular rulers to prevent further anarchy. Whilst Luther wrote the majority of his works in German such as the Liberty of a Christian Man, his most radical pamphlet , The Babylonish Captivity of the Church of God remained in Latin. For Luther was plainly aware of the radical effect that putting such works in German could have (Maland, 1986, pp. 88-89). Those princes and states that followed Luther and conformed to the Lutheran Confession of Augsburg formed the Schmakaldic League. Aside from Sax ony the league included Brandenburg, Prussia, and Hesse. They were ranged against the catholic German states and the Emperor. The Protestant Reformation started in Germany but the factors that allowed it to survive effectively prevented the forming of a united German state or the complete success of the Protestant Reformation there (Chadwick, 1990, pp.63-64).

English 101 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

English 101 - Essay Example I discover they are so much like me and thus it provides me a chance to understand the diversity present within USA. I have made so many friends in a short span of time that I almost feel I do not need any more yet I know friends are less even when they are in numbers. I recognize my time was a sense of commitment and the hard work that I have to put in. This, I say because I know I have to prove my worth within the coming times of professional domains and for that I need to be punctual and on time, always. My life away from my family gets depressing at times but then again my friends and colleagues make it special for me. They make sure that they have some surprise in store to make me feel happy and satisfied at all times. I like the way people can easily meet and interact with each other, in USA. I dislike the way the immigration policies are the strictest in this country than anywhere else. The difficult things that I have felt here include my time at the immigration counter, the thorough checking and question-answer session and the way I need to properly document myself every month or so. However I love my life within USA barring these

African american life through 1865-1920 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

African american life through 1865-1920 - Essay Example Thesis The establishment and crash of the Freedman's Savings and Trust Company influenced on social and economic life of African Americans starting from 1865 to 1874. A great contribution the FSB has made into genealogical research and records of the lives of African Americans during that period. The post Civil War period and the way African Americans have spent these years can be traced via documentation about each depositor and his family recorded by the FSB. Introduction A period to be considered in the essay is 1865-1874 years. This period was marked by the establishment of the Freedmen's Savings and Trust Company in 1865. This landmark was essential for further improvement and establishment of community bonds and social advancement of African Americans. These people have experienced numerous complexities and challenges starting from 1861, though 180,000 served in the army (The Long Walk, 2008). The first signs of the Freedman’s savings bank occurred during the Civil War a nd were initiated by the American officers. With the help of monetary savings, establishment of communal savings communities the African Americans wanted to support their relatives and families in economically hard times (Cox, 2008). Moreover, the deposit bank establishment provided key documentation and now it is possible to trace the actions of African Americans activities before and after war. In other words: â€Å"In many ways the FSB records document various aspects of collective economic activities in the transition from slavery to freedom† (Josiah, 2004). Bank’s establishment A specific nature of the FSB and its direct relation to African Americans can be explained by the nationality of depositors. The depositors consisted of veterans, ex-slaves and their families. The main goal of the FSB establishment is its influence on the social life African Americans. These people had a hope to deposit their savings and in such a way to invest in their future. Moreover, di fferent institutions and organizations received a chance to increase their financial power and expand their activities. Therefore, the interest of African Americans and an overall cooperation of this nation at all levels signify a strong social tendency to integration for a common good. For example, during that period such kind of organizations has occurred: ‘different hospitals, schools, the St. Elizabeth Home for Colored Children and the St. Francis Xavier Church’s Orphan Aid Society† (Josiah, 2004). Another important fact that means a trustful attitude of African Americans to the FBS is that the leading positions in the bank were occupied by the community activists: â€Å"A large number of African American soldiers and veterans of the Civil War held savings accounts in the banks; the management of their funds was organized through an allotment system supervised by the officers of the respective army regiments† (Joseph, 2005). As far as we can see, Africa n Americans were devoted to the FSB on the basis of a secure deposit management and supervision. A military background of the bank establishment and operation served as a perfect guarantee of a safe nature of deposits and was appealing for representative of any occupation among African Americans. Therefore, this bank has turned into â€Å"the largest single repository of lineage-linked African-American records with more than 480,000 names† (Joseph, 2005). At the highest point of its success, the FSB held assets that mounted up to $3.7 million. What is Freedman’s Savings Bank? African American

Causes of Conflict in Special Education Term Paper

Causes of Conflict in Special Education - Term Paper Example Conflicts occur amongst stakeholders in special education due to a variety of reasons. Design conflicts arise when stakeholders have conflicting ideas about special education requirements of their wards. These arguments characteristically are about issues like eligibility for services; methodology of intervention; perceptions about student needs and educational placement. Parents usually feel that their ward has needs that merit unique education services while the school administration may decide that the child is ineligible for these services. Arguments may occur over the most suitable methodology for intervention. In the recent past, a range of interventions has emerged that offer the possibility of amazing outcomes. However, some of these treatments tend to be costly and need highly specialized employees. This is a possible area of conflict. The second area of disagreement is the delivery of services. Delivery problems are those connected with implementing an intervention program that has been decided upon by the family and the school district. Although the stakeholders may have reached an accord, both on the requirements of a child and on the services that the child should receive, disagreements may arise if either the school district fails to provide the decided services or the parents feel that services are not being suitably provided. Delivery disagreements frequently involve issues of provider competence, coordination of services, transportation, scheduling, procedural requirements, privacy, and/or confidentiality. Relationships are the most important but indefinable sources of arguments between school districts and parents. Relationship conflicts may stem from cultural differences, breakdowns in communication, and loss of trust. Although only a handful of states include this category in their analysis of requests for mediation, mediators and mediation program coordinators consider relationship conflicts to be a central reason that increasing numbers of parents seek mediation. Â  

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 124

Summary - Essay Example The banker contradicts the peasant’s judgment on the state, he or she judges the government based on a future goal that it works towards realizing. Economics manipulates and dictate the political behavior. Administrations lose supporters in seasons of hard times while a massive gain of the supporters seen in good times. The two models involving both retrospective and prospective of the index of consumer sentiment as contradicting variables between economic conditions and approval, it is found out that the probable component adequately accounts for the presidential approval time series. The next article voting successfully addresses an average voter as one who falls far short of the prescriptions of classic autonomous hypothesis in terms of interest, facts, and participation in politics. The authors suggest a more realistic standard involving the citizens fulfilling their democratic duties by voting correctly. Five decades of behavioral research in political science reveals that only a tiny marginal of the citizens in any democracy live up to the lines and goals of democracy. Interests in politics become generally weak, political discussions limited and political knowledge is diminishing. The result leads to the majority of American citizens not participating actively in politics beyond voting. The determination of voters on their correct vote choices can be predicted reasonably well using the widely available survey data. The authors illustrate how the prediction can help in determining the proportion of the voters voting correctly, which they calculate at about 7 5 percent for the five US presidential elections between 1972 and 1988. The third article is a decisive study of voting in America and talks about the American voter. Michigan model is a theory formulated on voter choice. Based on all-inclusive studies of election study data in America, most voters cast their ballots

Human resources management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human resources management - Assignment Example It mainly encompasses the domain of tasks which seeks to ensure the welfare of workers and taking care of their concerns. However, the modern HRM functions has emerged out of the concept of regarding employees and workers as resources in their organizations required for meeting organizational goals and objectives. HRM considers people as their first priority and tries to secure management objectives by maximization of the return of investment of those resources (Brumfitt, Barnes, Norris & Jones, p.4). 1.2 Contribution of HRM function to Virgin Atlantic There have been major changes in Virgin Atlantic since its ownership by the Virgin Group and Singapore Airlines. This necessarily implies a complete restructuring of its existing policies and strategies. The focus has been towards retaining a customer centric approach and deliver new and innovative services towards its customers. The main idea is to retain its market position by setting new standards of services towards customers. It i s imperative that this would require recreating HR strategies for meeting the new organizational needs. In this case particularly, restructuring would call for resistances and opposition from the workforce of the organization which needs to be handled. New HRM functions would mainly cater towards helping the organization towards meeting its purpose, motivating employees through the change process and handling change management issues at large. 1.3 Roles and Responsibilities of line Managers in Virgin Atlantic Line Managers are said to remain in close contact with the employees and as such they remain most aware of the present issues and concerns of the employees. This called for the involvement of line managers in managing the human resources in the organization. They are responsible for understanding the present and the future conditions of the organizations and the external environment in which it operates. They are also responsible for knowing the future requirements from the lea ders in the organization. That means they focus on the potential performance of the organization. This means developing the human resource in the organization so as to develop the potential performance. Line managers are also involved in various developmental activities which include group session, one to one activities, conducting company projects, conducting a feedback and system and a coaching system too. Line managers are associated with personal development programs catering to the needs of the organization too (Martindale, â€Å"Guide to leadership development in 11 steps†). 1.4 Legal and Regulatory framework on HRM in Virgin Atlantic Since the profitability of any airline links closely with the economic growth of the region, it remains subjected to various rules and regulations. Recently the UK Government has become particularly cautious about security checks at UK airports. The UK CAA is especially responsible for monitoring risk based performance of the airline. Apar t from that the SRG employs a team of specialists to monitor the activities of the airline in different areas (Civil Aviation Authority-a, â€Å"The Specialist Teams†). This includes testing pilot capacities, aircraft maintenance, flying, training and recreational activities etc. The airline industry is

Welcome Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Welcome Letter - Essay Example The most interesting part is the business proposal; you will ultimately have 3 topics to choose. My advice would be to pick the one you are interested in the most and work hard towards a finished product. Trust me, you will learn a lot in the business report. After spring break, our class started to work on the proposal. Accordingly, each week we were assigned to write a part of the report. Don’t be upset if you have a bad grade after professor graded your first submission. You have a chance here to revise and the professor will leave useful feedback in I learned. Please follow the comments to redo your work and you could drastically improve your grade. For example, I did very poorly in my first submission, so I rewrote my approach following the feedback I had received; as such, the revision was much better than the first one and it gave me great encouragement. Also, checking your grammar and proofreading your work will make a huge difference. When working on your own proposal you should first carefully read the prompts and make sure you understand the instructions before starting to write. Second, always ask yourself if the sources you are using are the right ones and whether or not there is any alternative way to view the issues at hand. Lastly, check the grammar and proofread your work carefully. Although some of my work got a high grade, I often time needed to improve my grammar and proofreading; so there was still a lot of work. From the writing portion of this course, I think I have learned a lot.

Automotive Production Levels Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Automotive Production Levels - Research Paper Example The quantity demanded for Toyota’s automobiles depends firstly on the price, but also on the consumer preferences, prices of other automobiles’ manufacturers, and income (Gravelle & Rees, 2004). As it can be seen from the graph, where the relation between quantity demanded and price is represented, a higher price tends to reduce the quantity people demand, whereas a lower price tends to increase it. In what concerns the quantity produced, it is a function of the price, factors of production, e.g., capital, labor, technology, and number of competitors (Gravelle & Rees, 2004). As the graph presents, there is a direct relation between price and quantity produced so a higher price tends to increase the quantity produced, whereas a lower price tends to decrease it. The equilibrium price and quantity occurs when the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal. On the graph, it is the point of intersection of Qd (quantity demanded) and Qs (quantity supplied). Solving the two equations for Qd and Qs we obtain the following equilibrium point: The equilibrium point is above the current production level and price charged by the company, which are Q= 2236162 units and P=2.43 million yen. Taking into consideration that the level of production has increased compared with the quarter of the previous year (as shown in Fig. 2), the management of Toyota should continue this trend of increasing the number of units produced in order to arrive at the equilibrium point. As it can be seen, this coefficient is higher than one so it can be said that demand for Toyota’s vehicles is elastic. Taking this into account, management of the company should analyze many factors before considering increasing the price of its products because the demand for the automobiles is very sensitive to price changes. Let us assume that the elasticity of demand calculated above

Singapore Airline Essay Example for Free

Singapore Airline Essay Singapore Airline has been widely acknowledged as well known brand name in the aviation industry since it was established in 1947, particularly in term of safety, innovation and excellent services. Due to the route network spans over 93 cities in more than 38 countries (singaporeair.com) with the most modern fleet in the industry, in addition to Star Alliance member airlines to co-operate with more than 20 international airlines over the world, Singapore Airline has provided the best services to its customer and built the strong brand in their mind. For over 38 years independent existence since it was separated form alliance Malayan Airway Limited in 1972, Singapore Airlines has continuously developed and rapidly become one of the great airlines of the World based on the superior values and the specific culture that it dedicates to customer. Besides, through the provided services, SIA has impressed in customer’s mind by its creativity, diversity and continuous improvement; throughout it could satisfy better the customer’s demand as well gaining the certain competitive advantages in the target market. However, during the history, SIA sometime had to face certain problems that came from itself and negative effects from external environment (inflation, crisis economy, etc.) as well. Especially, during and after the difficult economic situation when Sars outbreak in 2003 and economic crisis in Middle East in the same year, the relationship between the group management and the labor unions in internal organisation began to sour, particularly after the wage-cuts and lay-offs of over 400 employees. In fact, this was regarded as the highest number of lay-offs in the history of Singapore Airline. In order to archive its goals today as one of the world’s leading carries, Singapore Airline underwent the long history with the point of time as follow: The history of SIA started in April 1947, when the first flight of SIA took off from Singapore to Kuala Lumpur – Malaysia. At that time, SIA was known under the name Malayan Airways. In 1963, when Federation of Malaysia was formed, SIA was renamed Malaysian Airways. Three years later, 1966, when Singapore was separated from the federation, SIA became Malaysia-Singapore Airlines (MSA). In 1972, it was split up from Malaysian Airways and keep operating under the brand name Singapore Airline till now. In 1986, â€Å"Singapore Girl† with the uniform of sarong kebaya was  born. This figure has become the famous icon of SIA that is a figure of a beautiful girl in the oriental scent, elegant and friendly, warm and full of empathy like the culture that SIA always tries to dedicate into customers. In 1990s, 2000s, SIA had expanded its route networks with more aircrafts: 22 B747-400s and 30 A340-300s in 1994, 77 B777s in 1995, and 10 A340-500 in 1998, 19 A380s 20 more B777-200s in 2001 (Singapore Airlines). In 2004, SIA opened the worlds longest non-stop commercial flight: Singapore to New York and Singapore to Los Angeles. In 2007, SIA made another record with the world’s largest commercial plane – A380. Nowadays, because of the route network spans 93 destinations in more than 38 countries with the most modern fleet in the industry, SIA has a strong presence in the South East Asian region, which together with its subsidiary SilkAir, connects Singapore with more international destinations in the region than any other South East Asian airline (singaporeair.com).

In Dickinsons poetry Essay Example for Free

In Dickinsons poetry Essay The poem A bird came down the walk shows how man and nature are interlinked and are unable to escape this permanent connection even though they may sometimes clash and not connect. Lines such as then hopped sidewise to the wall show the curtsy and human like behaviour of nature and how nature is inevitably given human qualities. In this poem we are shown the brutal and civilised side of nature, we see that nature is beautiful from a distance however as you get closer and see nature in depth you see the brutality of nature, however even after seeing and showing us the brutality Dickinson still continues to admire nature as something beautiful. Her poem also shows how nature is very free and careless since nature doe not worry about anything, it is also shown to be unforgiving. Themes of nature are also present in I heard a fly buzz and because I could not stop for death Dickinson shows transcendentalist views in many of her poems. Dickinson shows the clash of mankind by saying he bit an angleworm in halves this quote shows how nature can be threatening to mankind since an angleworm is used as bait when fishing and since the bird is eating them it shows that it is disturbing mankinds techniques of survival. The word bit implies human characteristics and highlights a connection between mankind and nature, the word bit is associated with eating which shows the inescapable interlink of man and nature. The word angleworm is capitalised showing its significance which highlights the birds unthoughtful act. This stanza has a ABCB rhyme scheme which sets the a motion in the stanza. Themes of nature are also highlighted in poem 712 by the lines Gazing Grain the word Gazing gives nature human characteristics and the capital letter G makes nature seem like something important and off great value and this again links to human quality since a persons name is always began with a capital letter. Natures brutality is highlighted in the following line where it says And ate the fellow raw this line is quite powerful as it shows that the bird is carefree and is unforgiving, this line shows the freedom in nature since the bird does not hesitate and simply does what it wills. The word And at the beginning of the sentence is capitalised to show the significance of the birds act also it may show the speakers dismay or shock at the innocent looking birds act. This line is quite strong as the word raw stands out this is associated to something dangerous however it can also be seen as fragile since you may interpret it to be something naked. The word raw shows the brutality of nature and that nature has a good and bad side just like mankind who may be evil or good again linking nature to mankind almost like a inescapable cycle. This disturbance is also highlighted in the poem I heard a fly buzz where Dickinson mentions stillness in one line and in the following line she says heaves of storm these lines show the contradictory behaviour of nature it also highlights how quickly nature can change its path from something peaceful and beautiful to something brutal and disturbing, which is linked to mankind since mankind also changes paths very easily from good to evil or vice versa showing the link between mankind and nature. The word stillness associates to death or peace which shows the calm and relaxed side of nature and how it can be in favour to mankind, however the word storm associates to destruction or disaster which represents its brutality and how it can be harmful to mankind. Dickinson also highlights how mankind can disturb nature in their natural performance in the line He stirred his Velvet Head this shows the bird being disturbed as he has now became cautious someone is around him or is watching him this may also reflect that he may feel his privacy is being invaded which again gives the bird human qualities. The word Velvet Head shows connotations of something regal and royal and also highlights a feminine side to the bird, this shows the connection of mankind and nature since the bird is well groomed and words such as velvet may represent some type of clothing which suggest the bird is dressed giving him human quality and characteristics showing the link between nature and mankind. The word Velvet also highlights sexual connotations as you interpret it to be something quite sexy or soft and feminine, further down in the poem the word seam is used also showing something sexual as a seam is usually referred to in context to clothes. The capitalisation of the Velvet Head again gives the bird importance and shows a status for him. In stanza three Dickinson uses words such as rapid, hurried and frightened this shows a change in pace in the poem as the poem was running fairly smoothly and then these words create tension and make the tone more panicked this shows the human like nature of the bird since he is given human characteristics and shows that the bird is frightened of the speaker. The theme of disturbance is shown in the poem I heard a fly buzz since throughout the poem we are being shown how nature is disturbing the death of the speaker, the speaker says there interposed a fly- which shows the disturbance the fly is causing to mankind since the speakers death is being interrupted. The word interposed associates to annoyance or distraction showing that the fly is ever present and it is not prepared to leave showing the presence of nature around mankind all the time and vice versa. The dash at the end of this line suggests that the sentence is unfinished and is maybe going to carry on, also shows the speakers attitude as maybe annoyed and not pleased. Dickinson highlights the arrogance of the bird showing the line And he unrolled his feathers this is representative of the birds ignorance to what its done, it shows that the bird has naturally carried out a act of killing and simply flown away, this line may also be interpreted as the bird having to move on in his life and how the bird has no set place and is on a constant journey. The word unrolled highlights a sort of arrogance in the birds body language, since the word unrolled is quite soft and nai ve suggesting he does not understand the significance of his actions and doesnt realise his mistake, this shows the clash between man and nature since Dickinson is suggesting here that the bird has no morals and this is a natural act for him, whereas mankind would be very cautious and careful of their actions and would most of the time realise there mistake. In this line there is no significant punctuation used. The poem highlights her attempt to get to nature and get to understand nature however the bird does not let her. Dickinson may represent nature as god or something more powerful then mankind and she may be implying that she is trying to understand god or this force however it is so powerful that she is failing. Themes of god being represented in nature are also hinted in poem 465 in which Dickinson says And then the windows failed this line implies that the barrier which was interfering in Dickinson death has failed. In this poem the fly may be interpreted as Satan as it is disturbing a command given by god, puritan values are also shown here as the fly fails to interrupt and death is successful showing that god holds the power. This shows how nature and mankind are interlinked since they can not escape each others realms. Overall Dickinson repeatedly shows the connection between mankind and nature as inescapable, she repeatedly shows how powerful nature is and how nature and mankind effect each other; Like one in danger, cautious, this shows the reader that Dickinson values nature and gives nature the same respect as she would to mankind we know this since Dickinson constantly gives nature human values and qualities. Dickinson clearly highlights her importance for nature by linking it to god and linking it to mankind, showing her transcendentalist views.

Case Study: Patient With Shortness Of Breath

Case Study: Patient With Shortness Of Breath Patient Identity The patient is a 54 year old female, Mrs SK who is a housewife with a BMI of 25.7kg/m2. Presenting Complaints She was brought in to the Accident and Emergency (AE) department, complaining of shortness of breath (SOB) and a productive cough. History of Presenting Complaints The patient was experiencing SOB for the past 2-3 days, and was progressively worsening on the day on admission. It was not associated with chest tightness and she was able to sleep the night before. She was also having persistent productive cough with white sputum since she was last discharged 12 days ago. Past Medical History She was diagnosed with diabetes mellitus and hypertension 8 years ago and has history of gastritis for the past 5 years. She was newly diagnosed with bronchial asthma in her last admission two weeks ago. Social History The patient is a widow since 6 years ago and is a housewife with 3 children. She stays in a factory area and has a cat at home. She is a non-smoker and a non-alcoholic. Family History Her mother and father have no known medical illness, but she has a cousin who suffers from bronchial asthma and is frequently admitted to the wards. Drug History The patient was on Salbutamol and Budesonide inhalers, 200mcg when necessary and 200mcg once at night respectively for her bronchial asthma. For her hypertension, she was on 40mg Telmisartan tablets once at night. She was also taking Gliclazide tablets, 80mg twice daily and Metformin tablets, 500mg three times a day for her diabetes mellitus. For her hypercholestrolaemia, the patient was taking Lovastatin tablets 20mg once at night. Based on the Morisky Scale, she was compliant with her medication and she had no known drug allergy. Examination Details On examination, the patient was alert and conscious. She was pink and appeared to be fairly hydrated. She was also able to speak in full sentences, and was not tachypnoeic. A Chest X-ray showed that there was a pneumonic consolidation at the right lower lobe of her lungs. Her blood pressure (BP) was 152/82mmHg, pulse rate (PR) was 109 beats per minute (bpm) and was afebrile. Her oxygen saturation (SpO2) was 96% under 3 litres of oxygen and her blood glucose was measured to be 4.7mmol/L. Investigations Upon admission, standard laboratory investigations were carried out and were obtained. From the renal function test, it was seen that the patient had a low potassium level of 2.8mmol/l and her calculated creatinine clearance was 60.0ml/min which indicated that she had mild renal impairment. The liver function test showed that she had normal liver function. The following shows the results that were out of the reference values for her haematological tests. C-Reactive Protein (CRP) 31.1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR) (0 15 mm/hr) 110 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Haemoglobin (Hb) (13.5-18 g/dl) 10.3 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Haematocrit (0.36-0.46 L/l) 0.303 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" Red Blood Count (RBC) (3.8-4.8 x 1012 /l) 3.45 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" White Cell Count (WCC) (4-11 x 109 /l) 15.1 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Neutrophil (Neutro) (2 7.5 x 109 /l) 10.57 à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Diagnosis/Impression Patient was initially diagnosed with Acute Exacerbation of Bronchial Asthma (AEBA) secondary to an upper respiratory infection (URTI) to rule out pneumonia. However, later in the day when the chest X-ray came back, she was diagnosed with pneumonia with right parapneumonic effusion. Management Plan The patients current medication was continued and was given 3 litres of oxygen via a nasal prong (NP). She was commenced on prednisolone tablets, 30mg once a day and was given nebulised Combivent (Ipratropium 20mcg/salbutamol 100mcg), every 4 hours. Her peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) and SpO2 was to be monitored. Antibiotics were kept in view to be started if necessary after the total white blood count results came back. Clinical Progress Upon admission, the patient was afebrile, was tolerating orally well, did not have any sorethroat but was having a non productive cough. An echocardiogram (ECG) was done and it showed that she had sinus rhythm with no ischaemic changes. As her chest x-ray showed a right lower zone consolidation, she was diagnosed with pneumonia. She was immediately commenced on 2g Ceftazidime intravenously, and then continued on 1g three times a day. She was also under nebulised combivent every 6 hours. Her metformin and gliclazide was stopped and she was started on subcutaneous 10 units of Humulin  ® three times a day and 12 units of Humulin N once at night. On Day 2 of her stay, her blood results came back and as she has low potassium levels, she was given 15mls of Mist KCl three times daily and two Slow K tablets once daily. She was still complaining of cough without sputum and was given 15mls of Benadryl (diphenhydramine) syrup three times a day. The patient did not have any major complaints on the third day and was tolerating orally well. There was no SOB seen and she had good inhaler technique. She was then taken off the nebulizer combivent and the oxygen. By day 4, the patient was comfortable, and her cough and sputum had decreased. Examination on her lungs showed that she had prolonged expiratory phase. She was stopped on the Benadryl as well as Mist KCl and Slow K. After reinforcement on the inhaler technique by the pharmacist, the patient was discharged on day 5 as she was afebrile and had minimal cough. On discharge, she was then switched back to her oral hypoglycaemics and her intravenous antibiotic was switched to oral Cefuroxime 500mg twice daily for the next 10 days. She was also given Neulin SR 250mg once at night. Table 1 shows the vital signs chart for Mrs SK throughout her hospital stay. Table 1: Vital Signs Chart Day Time BP (mmHg) PR (bpm) SpO2 Blood Glucose (mmol/l) 1 13.00 178/102 109 100% 6.9 14.00 152/82 109 98% à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" NP 15.40 4.7 18.40 133/73 114 97% à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å" RA 21.15 6.2 23.05 151/82 119 2 03.15 143/81 106 06.00 6.3 08.30 119/67 94 100% 10.35 4.8 11.24 100/61 107 97% 15.20 112/82 100 16.30 128/70 100 6.2 22.00 3.6 23.50 118/59 66 98%à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å"3L O2 3 04.10 124/64 104 100%à ¢Ã¢â‚¬  Ã¢â‚¬Å"3L O2 06.15 8.2 09.40 100/60 96 11.50 8.5 15.30 108/67 94 17.20 7.4 20.00 121/75 86 4 04.00 110/56 62 06.00 7.9 08.00 110/70 63 4.2 16.00 105/75 91 96% 17.00 9.7 22.00 138/67 114 6.1 5 05.00 9.6 07.15 11.1 Pharmaceutical Care Issues The first care issue is to review the management of AEBA based on the British Guideline on the Management of Asthma. The dose of prednisolone should be increased to 50mg once a day for at least 5 days or until recovery. Since the patient is prescribed with theophylline on discharge, she should be counseled on the signs and symptoms of theophylline toxicity such as confusion, dizziness, diarrhoea, nausea, fatigue and headache. The second issue is regarding the choice of antibiotics for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia in this patient. A sputum full examination microscopic examination (FEME) should be requested to identify the causative microorganisms of the lung infection. If empirical treatment is to be started the preferred drugs of choice would be amoxicillin 500mg three times a day plus either erythromycin 500mg four times a day or clarithromycin 500mg twice daily. Alternative choices would be levofloxacin 500mg once daily or moxifloxacin 400mg once a day, should the patient be intolerant of the preferred regimen. Thirdly, there is no clear indication of the prescription of the diphenhydramine in the first place, as it would only suppress the patients cough, which is inappropriate. Hence it should be stopped immediately. Next, the patients updated blood cholesterol levels should be taken and the appropriate use of statins should be reviewed. As she is on long-term statin use, her liver enzymes should be monitored regularly and if is raised by three-fold, she should stop taking the Lovastatin. She should also be counseled on the symptoms of rhabdomyolysis which is related to the long term use of statins, such as unexplained muscle pain, stiffness, weakness and the darkening of urine colour. The following issue is regarding the patients diabetes management. A HbA1c test should be done to determine her glycated haemoglobin level to see how well her self-management has been. She should also be advised on diet and lifestyle to keep her diabetes under control. Lastly, as she has low red blood count, haemoglobin and haematocrit levels, it is suspected that she has anaemia. Further tests should be done to confirm this, and if it is diagnosed, she should be given ferrous supplements such as ferrous sulphate tablets 200mg twice daily. DISEASE OVERVIEW AND PHARMACOLOGICAL BASIS OF DRUG THERAPY Acute Exacerbation of Bronchial Asthma: An Overview Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways where many cells and cellular elements play a role. This leads to recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and coughing, particularly at night or in the morning. These inflammatory symptoms are commonly associated with extensive but variable airflow obstruction within the lung as well as airway hyperresponsiveness and this is reversible either on its own or with treatment. 1 Asthma is a worldwide problem as it is estimated that about 4.5% of the worlds population is affected, which amounts to 300million individuals approximately. The global prevalence of asthma varies from 1-18% of populations in countries all over the world. Asthma has three distinguishing characteristics which are airflow limitation, airway hyperresponsiveness, and bronchial inflammation. Airflow limitation is usually resolved by itself with or without treatment but for individuals with chronic asthma, inflammation may result in irreversible airflow limitation. Stimuli such as irritants or allergens may pose as triggers in airway hyperresponsiveness and bronchial inflammation is associated with eosinophils, T-lymphocytes and mast cells which cause plasma exudation, smooth muscle hypertrophy, mucous plugging and epithelial changes. It is shown that inflammation of the airways play a major role in the pathology of asthma and this starts when allergens or irritant trigger the activation of cells such as epithelial cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and mast cells. This leads to cytokine or mediator release and smooth muscle contraction resulting in cellular infiltration of eosinophils and neutrophils causing airway inflammation including oede ma, epithelial permeability or injury, mucous secretion and vascular permeability which eventually leads to airway obstruction and hyperresponsiveness. The diagnosis of asthma is based on a collection of signs and symptoms without a reasonable explanation for them and spirometry is an early test which is easy to assess if there is any airflow obstruction present and its extent. For diagnosed patients with asthma, acute exacerbations may occur and because patients with severe asthma are at increased risk of death following exacerbations, assessments of exacerbations are crucial. Clinical features of acute asthma exacerbations include severe breathlessness, tachypnoea, tachycardia, silent chest, cyanosis, or syncope. Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF) or Forced Expiratory Volume in one second (FEV1) is also used to measure the lung capacity. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) is measured using a pulse oximetry and this aids oxygen therapy as oxygen therapy is given in order to keep SpO2 levels at 94-98%. Measurements of arterial blood gases (ABG) are usually not necessary unless patients present with features of life-threatening asthma or have SpO2 of less than 92% as there may be a risk of hypercapnea if SpO2 is lower than 92%. Chest X-rays are also not recommended unless patients are suspected of pneumonia or lung consolidations, suffering from life-threatening asthma, having unsatisfactory response to treatment or if they require ventilation. Pharmacological Intervention in the management of AEBA2 Oxygen Oxygen therapy is needed most of the time as patients who are having acute asthma usually present with hypoxia as well. Hence, all patients with hypoxia who are suffering from acute severe asthma should be given oxygen and their SpO2 levels should be kept at 94-98%. ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist bronchodilators As first line therapy, high dose inhaled ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist bronchodilators are used as soon as possible as rapid relievers of bronchospasm. For patients who are unable to use inhaled therapy, intravenous ÃŽÂ ²2-agonists are used instead. ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist bronchodilators work by stimulating the ÃŽÂ ²2 adrenoceptors in the lungs, thus causing relaxation of the airways. Examples of short acting ÃŽÂ ²2-agonist are salbutamol and terbutaline, and a long acting ÃŽÂ ²2-agonist is salmeterol. Glucocorticosteroids Steroids should always be given in all cases of acute asthma. Examples of these are prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone. They exert an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting transcription of the genes for the cytokines implicated in asthmatic inflammation and hence reduce airway hyper-responsiveness. Anti-cholinergic agents Ipratropium bromide is one of the anti-cholinergic agents that is used widely in treatment of acute exacerbations of asthma. Nebulised ipratropium bromide is used in combination with a ÃŽÂ ²2-agonist bronchodilator as treatment for patients with severe acute or life-threatening asthma. Anti-cholinergic agents work by inhibit muscarinic receptors M1 and M3 which then reduces cGMP formation and decreases smooth muscle contractility in the lungs. This eventually results in bronchodilation and reduces mucus secretion. Other therapies Other therapies include the use of magnesium sulphate. A single bolus dose of intravenous magnesium sulphate is administered to patients with acute severe asthma with previous unsatisfactory response to inhaled bronchodilator therapy or for patients who are suffering from life-threatening or near fatal asthma. It is believed that magnesium sulphate works by reducing calcium uptake by the bronchial smooth muscle cells, causing bronchodilation and also inhibits mast cells degranulation, thus reducing the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamines, and leukotrienes. EVIDENCE FOR TREATMENT OF THE CONDITION The management of asthma can be divided into two parts; acute treatment, and long term management. Management of acute asthma It has been shown that most patients suffering from acute severe asthma are hypoxaemic. Therefore it is essential that supplementary oxygen therapy be given to them.3-6 This is administered via a face mask or nasal prong with the patients SpO2 kept between 94-98%.7 Where nebulisers are needed in therapy, oxygen-driven nebulisers are favoured instead of those that are air-driven due to oxygen desaturation when driven by air alone.8-10 However, the lack of provision of supplemental oxygen should not pose as a factor in omitting nebulised therapy from administration if deemed appropriate.11 Referring to the case presented above, the patient was treated accordingly as she was immediately given supplemental oxygen and her SpO2 was maintained well above 96% throughout hospital stay. As acute asthma is associated with symptoms of bronchospasms such as wheezing and tachypnoea, the main aim of treatment is to quickly resolve these symptoms and most often, high doses of inhaled ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist bronchodilators are effective with minimum adverse effects.12-14 Salbutamol is usually the drug of choice although there is no significant differences in terms of efficacy as compared to Terbutaline. It is shown that there are no significant clinical benefits by using a non-selective ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist such as epinephrine instead of selective ÃŽÂ ²2 agonists.15 Based on a meta-analysis, it is seen that ÃŽÂ ²2 agonists administered via inhalation are more preferable and has similar efficacy with those administered intravenously in adult acute asthma.16 In ventilated patients or those in life-threatening conditions, parenteral ÃŽÂ ²2 agonists may be added to inhaled ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist treatment although there is little evidence supporting this treatment. Although a sing le bolus nebulisation may relieve most acute asthma cases, it is shown that continuous nebulised treatment of ÃŽÂ ²2 agonists is more effective in relieving acute asthma for those with unsatisfactory response to initial therapy.17, 18 Steroid therapy is always given in acute exacerbations of asthma and it is proven that it has better result if given earlier. It not only reduces mortality but it also reduces relapses and the number of hospital admissions as well.19, 20 Oral steroids given are seen to be equally as effective as parenteral treatment hence there is no need for the use of parenteral administration of steroids unless the patient is unable to tolerate orally.19 Prednisolone 40-50mg is given daily for at least five days or until recovery and this can be stopped abruptly after the patient has recovered.2 As long as the patient is on inhaled steroids, there is no need for the dose to be tapered down slowly prior to discontinuation.21 In the case presented, the patient was commenced on steroid therapy but was under-treated as she was only given prednisolone 30mg once daily for just one day. Hence, there is a need to increase the dose of prednisolone to 50mg and to continue is for at least another four days or until recovery before stopping this treatment. In hospital therapy, anticholinergic treatments are given to severe exacerbations of asthma and nebulised ipratropium bromide is always the drug of choice used in clinical settings. A combination of nebulised ipratropum bromide with a ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist bronchodilator is often given as treatment as it is proven that a combination of these two agents has a significant increase in bronchodilatation as compared to the use of a ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist alone. Hence, there is faster recovery and will reduce the length of hospital stay. However, it is also seen that anticholinergic treatment is not particularly effective and favourable for cases of mild exacerbations of asthma as well as after the patient has been stabilized, thus is not necessary in these cases.22-24 The patient in this case was seen to be having a mild exacerbation of acute asthma and hence nebulised ipratropium bromide treatment was not necessary. However, the use of nebulised Combivent, a combination of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol was justified since this patient was re-attending with a relapse and she was also suffering from pneumonia as well. Hence, there was probably a need for a quicker rate of bronchodilation as well as faster recovery for her. The use of magnesium sulphate in hospital treatment of AEBA is not widely seen, however there have been some evidence showing the bronchodilating effects of magnesium sulphate when used in adults.25 There are also studies which report that nebulised magnesium sulphate combined with a ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist shows positive outcomes and good clinical effectiveness in hospital settings.26, 27 The use of an intravenous bolus administration of magnesium sulphate is believed to promote lung function in patients who have severe asthma without harmful side effects.28 Nevertheless, there have been no studies on the repeated administrations of magnesium sulphate, though it is presumed that repeated use may lead to hypermagnesaemia, causing muscle weakness and respiratory failure. As further extensive studies need to be done to determine the most suitable route and dosing of magnesium sulphate, this treatment is reserved only for patients with acute severe asthma without satisfactory response to inha led bronchodilator therapy and patients with life-threatening of near fatal asthma. Monitoring should be carried out constantly throughout hospital stay and in acute asthma cases, monitoring of PEF is crucial. PEF readings should be measured and recorded every 30 minutes after treatment has been started. PEF should also be monitored pre- and post- nebulisation therapies as long as the patient is in hospital and until the asthma is well under control after discharge. It is seen that after hospital discharge, a relative amount of patients either experience relapse or are readmitted into the hospital with at least 15% within two weeks following discharge.29 Therefore it is essential that patient education such as proper inhaler technique, and well-documented PEF recordings with action plans depending on symptoms experienced should be instilled in order to reduce rate of relapses as well as minimize problems associated with exacerbations after discharge.30 Monitoring of the patients PEF was done consistently throughout her hospital stay and the patient was given sufficient counseling prior to discharge on her inhaler technique. However, there was no evidence that the patient was educated on self-documenting PEF recordings as well as action plans based on symptoms experienced following discharge and this should be done in this case to avoid another exacerbation of her condition. Long Term Management of Asthma The aim of management of asthma is to keep it well-controlled without the need of rescue medications, asymptomatic, no exacerbations, no hindrance to daily activities including exercise as well as normal lung function. A stepwise management approach is adopted for asthma patients and this is to acquire initial control and maintain it by stepping up treatment to improve control if necessary or stepping down treatment if there is good control over the condition to maintain the lowest step that will control the patients condition. As the patient is currently on regular preventer therapy with inhaled steroids, she is currently on step 2 of the management of asthma. There have been many studies being carried out to compare the different inhaled steroids that are being used for asthma and it is shown that beclomethasone diproprionate and budesonide are both similarly clinically effective although there may be different devices for delivery. It has also been seen that fluticasone and mometasone being administered at half the dosage of beclomethasone and budesonide shows equivalent clinical effectiveness, however there is somewhat inadequate evidence that fluticasone possesses fewer side effects and further studies need to be carried out on establishing the safety profile of mometasone.31 A new inhaled steroid has been introduced which is ciclesonide and clinical trials have shown evidence that it has more local activity than systemic and less oropharyngeal side effects as compared to the regular inhaled steroids.3 2-35 Although this seems promising, this clinical advantage is still controversial as its safety to efficacy ratio has yet to be established and compared with the conventional inhaled steroids. Inhaled steroids are recommended as preventer drug therapy for adults as they are most clinically effective in controlling asthma based on the treatment goals outlined.36-39 The frequency of dosing of inhaled steroids are generally twice daily and it is shown that there is slight clinical benefit obtained when taken twice a day than once daily, however a once daily dosing may suffice for those with milder asthma. There is also limited evidence of advantage with increased frequency of greater than twice a day.37 In addition to that, starting at higher than recommended doses have no significant effectiveness in management of mild to moderate asthma.40 Hence the recommended dosage for inhaled steroids would be 200-800mcg daily. This would be an add-on therapy to the step 1 management of using in haled short acting ÃŽÂ ²2 agonist bronchodilator as required. Based on the presented case, the patient was on budesonide 200mcg once at night prior to admission but this was immediately increased on admission and was in line with the recommended guidelines as she was continued on budesonide 400mcg twice a day together with salbutamol 200mcg as required following discharge. Other preventer therapies may be included for the patient despite inhaled steroids being the first choice of drugs for preventer therapy. These alternatives are less effective although they have shown some clinical benefit in patients who are on short acting ÃŽÂ ²2 agonists only. Chromones which act as mast cell stabilizers such as sodium cromoglicate and nedocromil sodium have shown to be beneficial in adults.41, 42 Apart from that, leukotriene receptor antagonists montelukast and zafirlukast too have clinical benefits.37, 43, 44 Theophylline also have some evidence in showing benefits in adults.36, 45 The patient in the case presented above was prescribed sustained-release theophylline on the last day of admission. Although it is another option that may be added to daily controller medications for step 2 management, there is very little evidence on the clinical efficacy of it as a long term controller. There is no reason to justify the use of theophylline in this case as the patient is responsive and can be controlled on inhaled steroids. Further more, theophylline has a narrow therapeutic index and close monitoring of plasma theophylline levels is necessary because at concentrations above 25 µg/ml, there is high risk of tachycardia and seizures may occur if concentrations exceed 35 µg/ml. CONCLUSION After reviewing the management of the patients condition throughout hospital stay, it can be concluded that SK was treated adequately based on the current guidelines and evidences attainable. She was given all necessary treatment at point of admission and there was no lacking of medications in all four days of her hospital admission. Apart from that, monitoring of her condition was carried out consistently and all data was updated, leaving no room for questioning and doubt. However, there were a few issues that came to attention which were the prescribing of several drugs that were unnecessary such as diphenhydramine and theophylline. There were little and no clear evidence that these drugs prescribed would be of benefit to the patient, and may also increase the risk of harmful effects to her as well. Alongside treatment of her acute condition, SKs controller medications were reviewed and subsequent changes were made as appropriate. Besides that, her other co-morbidities were also managed well as treatments for her hypertension and diabetes mellitus were given accordingly. PATIENT MEDICATION PROFILE PATIENT DETAILS Name S.K. Consultant Dr YKS General Practitioner Address Gender Female Weight 65kg Height 1.59m Community Pharmacist Date of Birth (Age) 54 years old Known Sensitivities NKDA Social History Widow of 6 years, Housewife, Non-smoker, Does not drink PATIENT HOSPITAL STAY Presenting complaint in primary care / reason for admission Admission date 17/04/09 Shortness of breath for the past two days, progressively Discharge Date Discharged to 21/04/09 Home worsening today and productive cough. RELEVANT MEDICAL HISTORY RELEVANT DRUG HISTORY Date Problem Description Date Medication Comments 2001 Diabetes Mellitus T. Diamicron 80mg BD 2001 Hypertension T. Metformin 500mg TDS 2004 Gastritis T. Telmisartan 40mg ON 2009 Bronchial Asthma MDI Salbutamol 200mcg PRN MDI Budesonide 200mcg ON T. Lovastatin 20mg ON RELEVANT NON DRUG TREATMENT Prescribed Medication Start Stop Clinical/Laboratory Tests Date Result 1 T. Telmisartan 40mg OD 18/04 21/04 2 T. Gliclazide 80mg BD 17/04 17/04 3 T. Metformin 500mg TDS 17/04 4 T. Lovastatin 20mg ON 17/04 19/04 5 MDI Salbutamol 200mcg 2 puffs PRN 17/04 6 MDI Budesonide 200mcg 2 puffs BD 17/04 7 T. Prednisolone 30mg OD 17/04 17/04 8 Neb. Combivent 6-hourly 17/04 19/04 9 IV Ceftazidime 2g STAT, then 1g TDS 17/04 21/04 10 S/C Humulin R 10units TDS 17/04 21/04 11 S/C Humulin N 12units ON 17/04 21/04 12 Syrup Diphenhydramine 15mls TDS 18/04 20/04 13 T. Slow K 2tabs BD 18/04 20/04 14 Mist KCl 15mls TDS 18/04 20/04 15 T. Theophylline 250mg OD 20/04 CLINCIAL MANAGEMENT Diagn

Understanding the Indian Culture :: Cultural Identity Essays

Daughter: Dad, we’ve got a lot of time before your flight out of Ft. Lauderdale. Let’s take the back roads over to the East Coast -- it will give you a chance to see a part of Florida you’ve never seen before. Father: Sounds okay to me. I’m surprised at all the cattle ranches around here thought we Texans were the only ones with this many herds ... of course, these do look pretty scrawny compared to ours! Daughter: Yes, I know, Dad -- no place like Texas. Father: Who owns all these cattle and grazing lands? Some big corporate group I guess? Daughter: Well, I’m not sure about all of it but The Seminole Tribe of Florida is one of the major cattle ranching enterprises. Father: You mean Seminoles as in Indians? Daughter: Yes, Dad, Indians. Father: (After a few miles of silent observance) Well, I find that hard to believe. All Indians are l lazy. All they do is lay around and do nothing. Daughter: I’m curious Dad, where’d you get that idea? Father: Everybody knows it. I’ve been around the Southwest and Midwest and I’ve seen them lay around and drink. Remember Frank, out in Oklahoma, he’s got some pretty ugly stories to tell. Daughter: Well, I’m sure there’s a few bad apples in every bunch -- white or black, Indian or not -- but I don’t think you could say they are all that way. Father: Maybe. But I don’t like my tax dollar going to support them. Now they have casinos and they don’t even pay taxes. Daughter: I’ve got an idea. We’ve got a few extra hours. Let’s make a couple of stops along the way. Here’s the first. Father: What -- this bingo joint? Daughter: Yes, just for a few minutes. I hear they serve great hamburgers and who knows, it could be our lucky day! Father: (Emerging a little while later with a big smile) That was pretty good. I’ve got a little extra change to head home with too. Sure was a big place. Daughter: It was a pretty impressive operation and it provides a lot of employment opportunities for Indians and non-Indians, too.

ExploringThe Bhagavad Gita :: research papers, literary analysis

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bhagavad-Gita begins with the preparation of battle between the two opposing sides: on the left stands the collected armies of the one hundred sons of Dhritarashtra and on the right lies the soldiers of the Pandava brothers. Warring relatives feuding over the right to govern the land of Kurukshetra, both forces stand poised and ready to slaughter one another. The warrior Arjuna, leader of the Pandava armies, readies himself as his charioteer, the god Krishna, steers toward the opposition when the armies are ready to attack. Arjuna stops Krishna short before the two sides clash together. Hesitation and pity creeps into Arjuna’s heart as he surveys his family and relatives on the other side; he loses his will to win at the cost of the lives he still loves. As Arjuna sets down his bow and prepares for his own death, the god Krishna begins his council with Arjuna, where Krishna uses various ideas on action, self-knowledge, and discipline to reveal to Arjuna the freedom to be attained from the suffering of man once Arjuna finds his devotion to Krishna.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Before Krishna begins his teachings, Arjuna analyzes his emotions and describes to Krishna the way his heart feels. â€Å"Krishna, I seek no victory, or kingship or pleasures† (The Bhagavad-Gita, p. 25). Arjuna admits that he stands to gain nothing of real worth from the war. He knows he cannot consciously triumph over family for his own wealth and glory. â€Å"We [Pandava brothers] sought kingships, delights, and pleasures for the sake of those assembled to abandon their lives and fortunes in battle† (The Bhagavad-Gita, p. 25). Arjuna continues on to state that once the family is destroyed and family duty is lost, only chaos is left to overcome what remains. He goes so far as to describe how chaos swells to corrupt even the women in the families, creating disorder in society. Arjuna tells Krishna that the punishment for men who undermine the duties of the family are destined for a place in hell. Finally, Arjuna asks Krishna which is right: the tie to sacred duty or reason?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Krishna begins his explanation by stating that all life on earth is indestructible. â€Å"Never have I not existed, nor you, nor these kings; and never in the future shall we cease to exist† (The Bhagavad-Gita, p. 31). Because life has always been, reasons Krishna, then how can man kill or be killed when there is no end to the self?

Character Traits of Chris McCandless of Into The Wild Essay -- Into th

Christopher Johnson McCandless is a respectable man in so many ways but, yet such a foolish man in many others. Chris McCandless possessed a seemingly ever-lasting bravery that constantly shined through his unique and matchless character. He was very righteous in himself to the point in which he kept himself from any sin or evil, committing his life to what seemed like an idea of celibacy, not just in refraining from any desire of flesh but also in all lusts of life with his diligent power of will that constantly shined through his exterior. Onto the contrary of his good characteristics, McCandless remained to be very foolish in his decisions and under takings, whether it be by his arrogance of sheer narrow mindedness. Over all he was a boy of many talents and knowledge, with a bright soul and good heart but, still somewhere in the depths of his thoughts he lacked something that made him think things through, and in this his foolishness he would lose his life. As stated previously, McCandless had a deep bravery that protected him from the darkness of fear or negative thought. Never once in this story does he seem frightened in that he might lose his life, grow ill or become hurt, and in one way he proves this by his insatiable habit of hitchhiking, I mean, with all do respect he could have been picked up by a serial killer and that probably would have cut his adventure a little short. In addition, he does not cower to much of anything, his bravery led him to some pretty interesting place such as digging dead rats from farm equipment, diving waist deep in grime, muck, and not to mention stench, that is if you would consider all of that to be brave. Set aside the trivial matter, his true bravery is shown... ...lse in his former life. In review McCandless was a man with boyish and romantic ambitions or maybe he was a boy with an intellectual mind stuck in the body of a man, because that theory would certainly exist as plausible in describing his foolish ways. Let us not forget that Chris did have a truly unique idea with good intention and maybe he did accomplish what he set out for, true inner peace with himself and the world around him maybe he did find himself in this whole ordeal. Yes McCandless was a bright soul but, in the end his foolishness or maybe even it was his bravery lead him to his demise, his lonely death in starvation. With all of this said was McCandless brave or was he foolish and stupid, well, for certain he never acted in any stupid way, but he did act in both foolishness and bravery because in many ways it takes quite some foolishness to be brave.

Bangladesh’s Burning Problem Alarms Globalization Essay

On November 24th, 2012, Bangladesh’s garment industry was badly dented when a deadly fire broke out in a factory named â€Å"Tazreen† on the outskirts of Dhaka, killing an estimated 112 people who were sewing clothing for Wal-Mart, Sears, Sean â€Å"Diddy† Combs’ Enyce label, Disney and others. (cite source) The incident, the worst ever that the industry has seen, occurred in the busy winter season when factories are working round the clock to meet springtime orders. The fire started in a warehouse on the ground floor that was used to store yarn, and quickly spread to the upper floors. The building was nine stories high, with the top three floors under construction, according to a garment industry official at the scene who asked not to be named because he was not authorized to speak to the news media. Though most workers had left for the day when the fire started, the industry official said, as many as 600 workers were still inside working overtime. Most of the workers who died were on the first and second floors, fire officials said, and were killed because there were not enough exits. â€Å"So the workers could not come out when the fire engulfed the building,† said Maj. Mohammad Mahbub, the operations director for the Fire Department, according to The Associated Press. In a telephone interview later on Sunday, Major Mahbub said â€Å"the fire could have been caused by an electrical fault or by a spark from a cigarette. †(cite your source) While Dhaka’s The Independent newspaper reported Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina as saying that â€Å"It is not an accident. It is a preplanned incident,† alluding to sabotage by unnamed conspiratorial forces; the High Court has ordered an independent probe into what caused the devastating fire. Two major considerations have been taken into account that what caused the disaster. Firstly, taking a cue from the prime minister, the police have suggested that it was an act of arson. Rumors are also circulating thick and fast in the garment industry that has been shocked by the scale of the accident and the huge toll of lives. Secondly, a New York Times article â€Å"Factory in Bangladesh Lost Fire Clearance Before Blaze† states that â€Å"the factory’s fire safety certification was expired on June 30, 2012 and Dhaka’s fire authorities rejected its renewal. † Experts say many of the fires could have easily been avoided if the factories had taken the ight precautions. Many factories are in cramped neighborhoods and have too few fire escapes, and they widely flout safety measures. Labor activists have consistently alleged that factory owners in their greed for more business and profits have given short shrift to the safety of their workers making fires a commonplace occurrence. â€Å"(cite source of this quote) Safety measures remain woefully inadequate, † acknowledged Farooq Sobhan, a former diplomat, who now chairs the Center for Corporate Social Responsibility and is also president of the Bangladesh Enterprise Institute. Factory inspectors are susceptible to bribes and enforcement is a big issue. Hopefully, this latest incident is the final wake-up call for the government. â€Å"(cite source) Sobhan advocates creating an independent organization with qualified experts that can assess whether factories are truly compliant in every respect. Another factor that makes the garment sector a tinderbox is its location or rather, the lack of an industrial zone for garment manufacture. Factories are widely scattered all over the country with several located i n city centers, even in residential areas. This makes monitoring a nightmare,† said Sobhan. Overall, both inside and outside factors led to the disaster. (cite source) The whole world pays a lot attention to Bangladesh’s garment industry because it has a lot at stake. The garment industry which employs 3. 6 million people, 80% of whom are poor women, is the bedrock of the country’s export sector accounting for 80% of its $24 billion annual export earnings. As companies in the US and Europe looking for a cheaper alternative to China, have flocked to Bangladesh, garment exports have been growing in high double-digits. Bangladesh’s garment industry also linked with global retailing giant such as Wal-Mart, and other apparel brand like Tommy Hilfiger and the Gap. Such a big industry, however, keeps bringing in sad news and frustrating stories, which aroused the whole community to think about a decent solution for improving the working condition in Bangladesh area. (cite source) Right after the case happened, several groups organized committees and roundtables to draw up specific demands. Organizations like Ain o Salish Kendra or ASK, have made comprehensive lists of demands, including that the Bangladesh Garment Manufacturers and Export Association submit a report on the incident within two months. ASK demanded that the report include whether the industry executives comply with the relevant laws and what steps they have taken to safeguard the workers from fires. â€Å"I think international brands should help the victims more, especially for the women and children,† said Aslam Khan, general secretary of the Bangladesh Trade Union Center. Our government’s role was not sufficient, although they have a key role. The government is practically trying to save the owner when they have clearly shown a lack of fire safety measures and gross negligence. † Moreover, numerous workers’ rights advocacy groups had called on Solis and a number of European government labor officials to press brands and retailers to sign onto a joint memorandum of understanding with a group of nongovernmental organizations and international and Bangladeshi trade unions, known as the â€Å"Bangladesh Fire and Building Safety Agreement. The groups claim corporate social responsibility programs are not enough and argue that more stringent steps — such as their agreement — need to be taken to prevent tragic fires in the future. PVH Corp. and German retailer Tchibo have signed onto the agreement, but it will not take effect until a specific number of firms agree to it. (cite your sources) The present state of worker’s safety is far from adequate and management practices in some cases are medie val. Restoring the image and status of the readymade garments sector should now be considered an urgent national task. The government, the readymade garment leaders, representatives of readymade garment workers and all others concerned must urgently put their heads together. No stop-gap measure is likely to work. Prospect of Bangladesh’s fast growth depends on safe and comfortable working condition, so does the possibility of employments of millions of additional workers.

Life Shaping Experience Essay

more than very much than not bicycle precaution should be a major bear upon for riders and should be learned and practiced anterior to the operation of whatever bicycle. Motorcycle resort is a genuinely important setting not only to the operator entirely also for other individuals when sharing the pathway and should not be learned through and through adverse experiences. The Proper use of a D. O. T. , Department of Transportation, approved helmet insures that the possibility of sound boss injuries or conclusion merchant ship be greatly reduced. Current statistics, from 2008, from The halfway For Disease Control www. cdc. gov. rg state that A Proven Safety Measure.Helmets save motorcycle riders lives. Helmets reduce the risk of head blot by 69%. In a motorcycle crash, an unhelmeted rider is 40% more likely to die from a head injury than someone draining a helmet. In 2008, helmets saved over 1,800 riders lives, save about 800 more lives could have been saved if a lone riders had worn helmets. While operate a motorcycle one untoughened early summer eve I was involved in a handicraft collision with a local patriarchal couple driving an earlier ensample 1970s Cadillac. Not only was this Cadillac precise large it was also actually heavy.The valet that was driving was not paying very close attention as he continued straight through the very busy hybridizing from a odd only fleck lane. As I approached the intersection from the opposite direction I became aware that this monstrous chuck, of fast despicable steel, was not turning nor was it slowing down. I decided it was best to smash on my breaks and discontinue my left hand turn attempt. This I believe is what saved my lifespan that night. My roulette wheel straightened out and slowed just large to prevent us twain from turn up straight in preliminary of our doom. The caddy and I grazed perspective by situation.My left hand and handlebar shattering the caddys front windshield , cover charge window and all other windows on the drivers side. At that oral sex in time everything that was anything turned into goose egg solely one big crash. The bike went its way and I went for a leak straight up into the air. Landing rachis to earth, after what confabulatemed to be forever, on my turn over and knees the only thing that came to mind was to construe safety. Safety from all of the other trading that indigenceed to use that very same busy intersection that I was straightaway no longer in need of. The only safety that I could call up of was the comfort of acquire next to that at present dilapidated bike of mine.Why? I have no idea but it take upmed like the right thing to do at that spinning point in time. So I crawled and I crawled until, finally, I was next to that that was going to protect me from fareting run over. Three, kind, employees that worked at the filling come in across the street came over and befriended me to the side walk and bega n to take steps to see if I was physically alright. Beside from a fewer rocks being stuck in my aching knees and shed blood hands and apart from being rattling shook up these two, more than kind, individuals contumacious that I was going to live.This, needless to say, was solid even coming from medically uncertified sources. It was then that motorcycle safety considerateness came into being for me. I asked one of these gentlemen, Could you please go back out into the intersection and get my eyeglasses and helmet for me? The gentleman replied Yes I would be more than happy to get your glasses however you were not wearing a helmet. As far as the condition of the elderly occupants of the Cadillac and their wellbeing, they were uninjured and doing bewitching all except for being sincerely shook up and not missing to speak to me at all.They had just just about killed me and did not want to take the effort ,that any caring citizen would take , to see if I was ok. Thats the l ast that I heard from them. It was straight up to their policy company to take care of stage business and wow did they ever have to. I made a couple of dollars on that life changing experience. Later that evening after recouping for an hour or so at home and a belittled self-medicating Lewis, a very close champ of mine at the time, came to my door and asked, Is in that respect anything that I can do to help? Lewis had gotten word through the proverbial cycle of friends that we are all familiar with in the high school years of our lives, and go right over.We went cruising around the stomping grounds of El Toro California because it seemed like the thing to do after one of us had cheated death and could still talk to the other. As we cruised we meditated on and came to the conclusion of motorcycle helmets and how they will be a part of both of our lives from now on. We talked about how it was not luck having break loose serious injury or by chance even death due to this accid ent. We both agreed that it was simple hysics that attributed to not having collided with any other objects during the actual event.Having agreed, that remaining friends was something that we both cherished and that riding bikes with our girlfriends was also something that we wanted to continue doing, we bought helmets for ourselves and our girlfriends. Once again I cannot stress enough the importance of motorcycle safety. How wearing a helmet at all times while riding is so important for operators protection. Again more often than not motorcycle safety should be a major concern for riders and should be learned and utilized by riders previous to operating a motorcycle.