Chinese Gift-Giving Etiquette

Chinese Gift-Giving Etiquette Not only is the choice of gift important in Chinese culture, but how much you spend on it, how you wrap it, and how you present it are equally important. When Should I Give a Gift? In Chinese societies, gifts are given for holidays, such as birthdays, during official business meetings, and at special events like dinner at a friend’s home. While red envelopes are the more popular choice for Chinese New Year and weddings, gifts are also acceptable. How Much Should I Spend on a Gift? The value of the gift depends on the occasion and your relationship to the recipient. In business settings where more than one person will receive a gift, the most senior person should receive the most expensive gift. Never give the same gift to people of different ranks in the company. While there are times when an expensive gift is necessary, over the top and lavish gifts may not be well received for several reasons. First, the person may be embarrassed because he or she can not reciprocate with a gift of similar value or, during business deals, especially with politicians, it may appear to be a bribe. When giving a red envelope, the amount of money inside will depend on the situation. There is great debate over how much to give: The amount of money in red envelopes given to children for Chinese New Year depends on age and the giver’s relationship to the child. For younger children, the equivalent of about $7 dollars is fine. More money is given to older children and teenagers. The amount is usually enough for the child to buy himself a gift, such as a T-shirt or DVD. Parents may give the child a more substantial amount since material gifts are usually not given during the holidays. For employees at work, the year-end bonus is typically the equivalent of one month’s wage though the amount can vary from enough money to buy a small gift to more than one month’s wage. If you go to a wedding, the money in the red envelope should be equivalent to a nice gift that would be given at a Western wedding. It should be enough money to cover the guest’s expense at the wedding. For example, if the wedding dinner costs the newlyweds US$35 per person, then the money in the envelope should be at least US$35. In Taiwan, typical amounts on money are: NT$1,200, NT$1,600, NT$2,200, NT$2,600, NT$3,200 and NT$3,600. As with Chinese New Year, the amount of money is relative to your relationship to the recipient the closer your relationship to the bride and groom, the more money that is expected. Immediate family like parents and siblings give more money than casual friends. It is not uncommon for business partners to be invited to weddings. Business partners often put more money in the envelope to strengthen the business relationship. Less money is given for birthdays than is given for Chinese New Year and weddings because it is viewed as the least important of the three occasions. Nowadays, people often just bring gifts for birthdays. For all occasions, certain amounts of money are to be avoided. Anything with a four is best avoided because å›› (sà ¬, four) sounds similar to æ ­ » (sÇ , death). Even numbers, except four, are better than odd. Eight is a particularly auspicious number. The money inside a red envelope should always be new and crisp. Folding the money or giving dirty or wrinkled bills is in bad taste. Coins and checks are avoided, the former because change is not worth much and the latter because checks are not widely used in Asia. How Should I Wrap the Gift? Chinese gifts can be wrapped with wrapping paper and bows, just like gifts in the West. However, some colors should be avoided. Red is lucky. Pink and yellow symbolize happiness. Gold is for fortune and wealth. So wrapping paper, ribbon, and bows in these colors are best. Avoid white, which is used in funerals and connotes death. Black and blue also symbolize death and should not be used. If you include a greeting card or gift tag, do not write in red ink as this signifies death. Never write a Chinese person’s name in red ink as this is considered bad luck. If you are giving a red envelope, there are a few points to remember. Unlike a Western greeting card, red envelopes given at Chinese New Year are typically left unsigned. For birthdays or weddings, a short message, typically a four character expression, and signature is optional. Some four-character expressions appropriate for a wedding red envelope are Ã¥ ¤ ©Ã¤ ½Å"ä ¹â€¹Ã¥ Ë† (tiÄ nzuà ² zhÄ «hà ©, marriage made in heaven) or ç™ ¾Ã¥ ¹ ´Ã¥ ¥ ½Ã¥ Ë† (bÇŽinin hÇŽo hà ©, happy union for one hundred years). The money inside a red envelope should always be new and crisp. Folding the money or giving dirty or wrinkled bills is in bad taste. Coins and checks are avoided, the former because change is not worth much and the latter because checks are not widely used in Asia. How Should I Present the Gift? It is best to exchange gifts in private or to an entire group. At business meetings, it is bad taste to offer only one  person a gift in front of everyone else. If you have only prepared one gift, you should give it to the most senior person. If you are concerned about whether giving a gift is appropriate, it is okay to say the gift is from your company rather than you. Always give gifts to the most senior person first. Don’t be surprised if your gift is immediately reciprocated with a gift of equal value as this is the way Chinese people say thank you. If you are given a gift, you should also repay the gift with something of equal value. When giving the gift, the recipient may not immediately open it because it might embarrass them, or they may appear greedy. If you receive a gift, you should not immediately open it. may appear greedy. If you receive a gift, you should not immediately open it. Most recipients will first politely decline the gift. If he or she profusely refuses the gift more than once, take the hint and don’t push the issue. When giving a gift, hand the gift to the person with both hands. The gift is considered an extension of the person and handing it over with both hands is a sign of respect. When receiving a gift, also accept it with both hands and say thank you. Post-gift giving, it is customary to send an e-mail or better, a thank you card, to show your gratitude for the gift. A phone call is also acceptable.

Using Cell Phones in School

Using Cell Phones in School With Americans checking their phones 8 billion times a day (thanks for that stat, Time.com), most of us can agree that we dont leave home without them. Thats also true for students. Only a few short years ago, many schools banned cell phones, but many schools, especially private schools, have changed their rules and now allow smartphones and tablets to be a part of daily school life. In fact, some schools now have 1-to-1 device programs, that requires students to use laptops, tablets or even phones as part of their daily work. Most schools still have rules about using cell phones, in that ringers must be turned off and phones must be put away at certain times, such as during tests or presentations. But some teachers are capitalizing on students constant need to be connected. From text reminders and notifications to school apps for turning in homework and checking into dorms, our devices are enhancing the learning experience.   Using Cell Phones in Schools is Mainstream   In private schools, the prevailing view is that cell phones are here to stay. They are not only an essential line of communication between frantically busy parents and their children but are also a tool that many educators and coaches rely on to keep students engaged. As a result, most private schools allow cell phones on their premises with the understanding that students must adhere to  specific guidelines written into their handbooks and acceptable use policy manuals. All students agree to abide by those rules both while on the school premises and also while under the schools jurisdiction when off campus. Learning Opportunities Believe it or not, smartphones and tablets are more than just social communication hubs. Some schools have even worked mobile devices into the daily curriculum, allowing students to use their phones for school work during class. With the growing number of educational apps, its no wonder that these devices are becoming a valuable part of the educational environment. Students today are using apps in robotics, presenting directly from their phones and sharing documents with teachers on the fly thanks to the implementation of mobile devices in school. There are many apps to choose from, ranging from polling and testing apps to language-learning apps and math games.  Socrative  is an app that allows for real-time polling in class, while some schools are using  Duolingo  as a summer learning opportunity to help students prepare to take on a second language. Many games incorporate critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as physics to solve problems and maneuver through game levels. Some schools are even offering classes that educate students on how to build their own apps, teaching them the skills they need to thrive in our digital world. Boarding Schools and Cell Phones Every student has a cell phone at home these days, and there is no exception when home is a boarding school. In fact, many boarding schools capitalize on the fact that their students are chained to their mobile devices, using them to communicate and keep track of students. Many boarding schools use apps that allow students to check in and out as they come and go from different buildings and activities, and leave campus. These apps often feed a dashboard accessible by teachers, administrators and dorm parents, helping the adults on campus ensure the safety and well-being of students.   Cell Phones Provide Connections with Parents   Any parent will tell you that their worst nightmare is not knowing where their child is. A thousand gut-wrenching scenarios run through their mind: Is my child ok? Has he or she been kidnapped? In an accident? Its much worse for a big city parent. The variables increase exponentially to the point where you become a nervous wreck. Subways, buses, the weather, purse snatching, hanging around the wrong friends - supply your own worries about your children. Thats why cell phones and other smart devices are such wonderful tools. They allow for instant communication with your child by voice or text message. Cell phones can turn an emergency into a relatively easily handled and controlled event. They can give instant peace of mind. Of course, we are assuming that your child is honest and is where he says he is when you call. For boarding school students, the cell phone helps students stay connected with their families who are miles away. Gone are the days of waiting by the payphone for calls in the common area or obtaining a landline in the dorm room. Parents can now Facetime and text with students at all hours of the day (just not during the academic day!).   The Opposing View There is still evidence of cell phones being a distraction in school if not properly managed. Small size and inaudible, high-pitched ringtones make cell phones easy to hide and use in situations that dont warrant them. It is a proven fact that adults over 30 cannot hear some of the high-pitched ringtones that teens use deliberately for that reason. Cell phones can be used to cheat, to call the wrong people and to bully classmates, especially over social media. For these reasons, some teachers and administrators want cell phones banned from school, however, studies have also shown that educating students on proper usage and providing strict guidelines with consequences for infractions will actually benefit students and prepare them for life after high school. The sensible approach is to create a set of rules and policies regarding cell phone use, educate students on best practices and ethical use, and enforce the rules that are put in place. Article edited by  Stacy Jagodowski

European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European Union - Essay Example integrate EU law.6 Vertical direct effect occurs when EU law has direct effect between private parties and a member state of the EU.7 The direct effect of Directives is a necessary part of the EU legal regime as EU law is administered through the Commission, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and national Courts. For the most part, â€Å"indirect administration† of European law is the primary mode of enforcement via national courts and â€Å"national authorities†.8 The Applicable Law Direct Effect The doctrine of direct effect was established by the ECJ in Van Gend en Loos v Nederlandse Administratie der Belastingen, in which it was held that the Treaty Establishing the European Community created legal rights that individuals could enforce through national courts within the European Community.9 Directives would have direct effect if they were clear and precise, unconditional and conferred a right upon the individual seeking to enforce it.10 The doctrine has since been developed by the ECJ as a means of enforcing EU law consistently through the EU.11 For example in Van Duyn, the ECJ held that once the Van Gend requirements are met and even if a Directive was conditional, it could still have direct effect against member states, regardless of whether or not the Directive was implemented.12 The main objective was to ensure that the intended outcome of the Directive was accomplished. In Van Duyn, the Directive’s outcome was the elimination of discrimination and in cases of this nature, the intended outcome would be important. This was because, the intended outcome would be compromised if individuals could not enforce it in the national courts.13 With regard to the fictional Directive, although not implemented by the UK, has direct vertical effect against the government based on the rulings in Van Gend and Van Duyn. The UK may only escape liability for the unimplemented Directive if the Directive itself is unclear and conditional. However, the D irective appears to be quite clear on its intention, the member state’s obligations and it is not conditional on the occurrence of an event. The only condition, is that the obligations arise when temperatures fall below 1 degree Celsius. Assuming that the temperatures were below 1 degrees Celsius at the time of the accidents in December 2012, the UK’s obligations to ensure road safety on primary roads and motorways arise. The accidents occurred on the A5 and the M6 and as such fall within the Directive obligations as primary roads and motorways. The Directive clearly sought to prevent the kinds of accidents that occurred. The Directive instructed member states to ensure that primary motorways and roads are kept clear of snow and ice once temperatures drop below 1 degree Celsius. Both accidents occurred on major motorways when temperatures presumably dropped below 1

Technology Advancements and Stem Cells Research in Hemophilia Paper - 1

Technology Advancements and Stem Cells in Hemophilia Treatment - Research Paper Example Science has technology has made significant progress in the last few years, what looked implausible a few years ago has become plausible today and what looks implausible today will become plausible tomorrow. Several major breakthroughs have been achieved in the last few years. Many new drugs have been invented to combat killer diseases and several lives have been saved because of these newly invented drugs. The invention of Stem cells has made life so much better. Significant progress in the field of stem cells was made by Dr. Ernest A. McCulloch and Dr. James E. They started working in unison in the 1960s and their research laid an ideal platform for the others to take it forward from there and that is exactly what the others did. Stem cells are really useful and they have saved several lives which would not have been plausible had stem cells not been invented. â€Å"Mouse embryonic stem cells treated in culture with a growth factor and then injected into the liver reverse a form of hemophilia in mice analogous to hemophilia B in humans, the new study shows.† (Stem Cells Treated with Growth Factor) The versatility of the stem cells is arguably their biggest strongest point, stem cells can easily grow in certain bodies and they are more than capable of achieving specialized functions. In addition to this, they can also renew themselves on their very own and this versatility makes them really useful. There are two types of stem cells namely, Embryonic stem cells and Adult stem cells. The two are really different from each other and understandably have different characteristics.  

Understanding Aroma Therapy Essay Example for Free

Understanding Aroma Therapy Essay Abstract   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   With the various ways that physical pains can be treated, individuals now have several options and alternatives to choose from. One involves the practice of alternative medicine particularly the practice of aroma therapy. Though the relative effects of such treatment may be subjective in nature, the reported benefit that the practice can create to individuals is an alternative to majority of practices and procedures surrounding the realm of medicine and treatment.                   With the relevant dynamic and stressful environments individual’s live in, it is vital for each one to have their own outlet to relax and release stress. One approach involves the practice of aromatherapy sessions. By engaging in such, people can have an alternative opportunity to unwind, relieve stress and create a feeling of ease and satisfaction. It is through this that the opportunity of alternative therapies is put in the spotlight and showcases its relative benefits and advantages Defining Aromatherapy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Like any other alternative practices, aromatherapy utilizes several factors without the use of any medication to alleviate the treatment. â€Å"Aromatherapy can be defined as the art and science of utilizing naturally extracted aromatic essences from plants to balance, harmonize and promote the health of body, mind and spirit† (National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy, 2006). It seeks to create therapeutic effects on individuals who engage in it by using various forms from the environment. â€Å"Aromatherapy utilizes pure, natural, unadulterated aromatic essences, called essential oils and hydrosols that come from botanical material† (Wavelengths Natural Health, 2003). Exhausting Benefits   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Various individuals and practitioners of the mentioned method have showcased the potential benefits that the practice can do to individual health. Since the method involves the sense of smell, it exhausts its benefits in the relative contributions it does on an individual’s brain and senses. The use of aroma’s and hydrosols thus, is the important element in extracting its benefits. â€Å"Herein lies one of the powerful benefits of aromatherapy – it can not only help to heal some physical imbalances of the body, but also affect emotions and memory† (Wavelengths Natural Health, 2003).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Another important benefit that the practice does is its contribution towards and individual’s hypothalamus. The hypothalamus creates and stimulates various conditions in an individual’s brain which in turn can exhaust positive responses in man’s physical and emotional state. â€Å"Hormones influence emotions and behavior as well as regulate the activities of organs or specific groups of cells in the body† (Wavelengths Natural Health, 2003). Appropriateness   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The practice of aromatherapy has been viewed by many as a way to alleviate stress and pressures from work and other activities. Significant studies have showcased aromatherapy’s contribution to individual’s health. â€Å"In a study conducted at the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Hospital in New York, patients undergoing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reported 63 percent less claustrophobic after getting exposed to the aroma of vanilla† (ICBS, Inc., 2007). In addition, there are also studies that indicate the effects it contributes towards people who are sick. â€Å"In another study, 122 patients who were in an intensive care unit reported feeling much better when aromatherapy was administered with the oil of lavender (compared to when they were simply given a massage or allowed to rest.)† (ICBS, Inc., 2007). Getting the information needed   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Exhausting relative information about aromatherapy requires a through understanding about the scope of the topic and its relative components. Seeing this, the relevant information for me is the related organizations and associations that cater to the study and development of aromatherapy. This information seemed credible because they had exhausted such information from experience and research.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, there are several that are least credible on my part. These involve websites and encyclopedia articles describing the method and its practices. It lacked credibility because they just mainly derive facts from other sources or lack the depth in research and information concerning the benefits of information. Disclaimers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Important contradictory information about this therapy involves other companies claim towards scents and hydrosols to contribute something for man’s betterment. It involves a particular form of regulatory standard towards its regulation and control. Since aromas and hydrosols in excess also create negative implications among individuals, further regulation must be created to safeguard users and patrons of such method. â€Å"In 1986, the agency warned that marketing a scent with a preventive or therapeutic claim would make the product a drug subject to regulatory action† (Barett, 2001). Further Questions   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One important question surrounding the said method involves the proper amount of aromas and hydrosols to be applied per session. Since the application of scents and aromas is vital to achieve a certain level of therapeutic effect and on the other hand the excess of it can lead to negative implications, one must be aware of how much should be applied to create the desired feeling and benefit. Advocating the practice   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In conclusion, seeing all the benefits and contributions that aromatherapy can create towards individuals, I can be inclined towards recommending it to clients. I would especially recommend such alternative treatment to people who are undergoing stress and pressures from work or to individuals who just need to relax. Just be sure to go to a certified and accredited aromatherapy centers in your area. These people can help you towards your individual needs and create better avenues for satisfaction and healing. References Barrett, S. (2001) Aromatherapy: Making Dollars out of Scents. Retrieved August 4, 2008 from http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/aroma.html ICBS, Inc. (2007) Which Problems can Aromatherapy Help? Results of Clinical Studies in Holistic Online.com Retrieved August 4, 2008 from http://holisticonline.com/Aromatherapy/aroma_benefits.htm National Association of Holistic Aromatherapy. (2006) What is Aromatherapy. Retrieved August 4, 2008 from http://www.naha.org/what_is_aromatherapy.htm Wavelengths Natural Health (2003) Benefits of Aromatherapy. Retrieved August 4, 2008 from, http://wlnaturalhealth.com/aromatherapy-articles/benefits-of-aromatherapy.htm Wavelengths Natural Health. (2003) What is Aromatherapy. Retrieved August 4, 2008 from, http://wlnaturalhealth.com/aromatherapy-articles/what-is-aromatherapy.htm

Time is a major theme in Ian McEwans The Child In Time. Essay

Time is a major theme in Ian McEwan's The Child In Time. "Time is always susceptible to human interpretation. And though time is partly a human fabrication, it is also that from which no parent or child is immune." Time is a major theme in Ian McEwan's 'The Child In Time'. He treats the subject irreverently, 'debunking chronology by the nonlinearity of his narrative.' - Michael Byrne. McEwan uses the setting of Stephen's dull committee as the backdrop for his daydreaming. Even Stephen's thoughts are not choronological, and his daydreams constantly flit between different times, although this could be to emphasise the overall flexibility of time. At first sight, it seems that the loss of Kate will be the central event, but McEwan strays through a wide spectrum of events, including the central one, Stephen's encounter at 'The Bell', to try and explain his feelings. The scene at The Bell also refers to a vivid dream McEwan had, where he walked towards a pub knowing he would find the meaning of his life, knowing he would be terrified, but also needing to go on. This is the most important event in the book, and the most difficult to interpret in terms of the behaviour of time. The book does not even begin with the loss of Kate, as you would expect, but Stephen on a normal morning. He relates everything he sees to time, the passing of which is even more important to him than anything else. After all, 'the heartless accumulation of days, after the loss of Kate, has driven Stephen to deep depression, and endless thought. In his depression, he lives for Kate, the only purpose of his existence. This is how he knows he is alive, how he counts the days. 'Kate's growing up had become the essence of time itsel... ... views on time and he contrasts them to show how differently each character interprets that time. It holds utmost control, even though it is not independent. Nobody can ever escape it. Stephen, Julie and Kate couldn't escape time, and Stephen 'was to make efforts to re - enter this moment, to burrow his way back through the folds between events, crawl beneath the covers, and reverse his decision' but, as Thelma said, 'Time - not necessarily as it is, for who knows that, but as thought has constituted it - monomaniacally forbids second chances.' Acknowledgements Time and the Child - Michael Byrne - The Antigonish Review www.antigonishreview.com/bi-123/123-mbyrne.html He Turned Around and She Was Gone - Rebecca Goldstein - The New York Times Back to the Future - Author Unavailable - Publisher Unavailable Emma Warburton - The Guardian newspaper

The Division of Cells

The main purpose of this paper is to explain how the division of cells is highly regulated such that cells that fail to pass some specific stage-based tests cannot advance to the proceeding stages. Basically, the cycle is directly attached to some bioenergetic and biosynthetic demands, and prior to the division process, cell components in the parent cell have to be doubled and later distributed equally to the resulting daughter cells following a division process. This work hypothesizes that addition of phosphate moieties to the CDC25C by an enzyme called Adenosine Monophosphate-activated protein kinase acts as a mediator of a metabolic checkpoint that seeks to control cell division specifically at the point where the cells are transitioning from the G2 to the M phase. The research question that is being tested in this paper was about the activation of the protein kinase and how it works to be a high energy sensor that plays a significant role in cells that lack of the required bioenergy requirements that do not enter the mitotic phase during the cell division. The most important aspect of this experiment in the paper was about the HeLa cells which were subjected to chemicals that are known to activate the enzyme AMPK. Also, the main catabolic processes that are involved to generate energy for cells to transition from G1/G2 were determined by the application of radiochemical approaches, the experiment required to determine if AMPK activation had a hand in preventing mitosis. The results confirmed that activation of this enzyme prevented entry into mitosis. The paper presents a conflicting idea when it comes to the deciding if there is role of mTORC1 in the cell division process, so I think the weaknesses related to the experimental procedures that they designed, they activated AMPK or otherwise inactivated mTORC1 in a way that is not clearly proved and therefore following from this, one cannot really tell if the mitosis regulation was due to AMPK activation of mTORC1 inactivation. If this was my experiment, I would start with two separate setups should be conducted, one with activated AMPK and eliminated CDC25C to check whether there is any influence on mTORC1, and the other set up then will contain cells activated AMPK and have CDC25C and eliminated mTORC1. The results should then be cross-checked to see if AMPK only affects CDC25C or mTORC1 independently or both at the same time. This will help in the keen determination of the exact cause of cell cycle regulation when it comes to the cell division phases and stages.

The Engineer and His Education

The Engineer and His Education â€Å"The term civil engineering describes engineering work performed by civilians for non-military purposes. In general it describes the profession of designing and executing structural works for the general public and the communal environment. Civil engineering covers different areas of engineering, including the design and construction of large buildings, roads, bridges, canals, railway lines, airports, water-supply systems, dams, irrigation, harbour, docks, aqueducts, and tunnels. â€Å"The civil engineer needs a thorough knowledge of surveying, of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, of the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Today civil engineering includes the production and distribution of energy, the development of aircrafts and airports, the construction of chemical process plants and nuclear power stations, and water desalination. Brieger, N. & Pohl, A. Technical English Vocabulary an d Grammar. Oxford: Summertown, 2002. p. 44 Civil engineering’s scope is so broad and given with the definition above denotes a wide variety of functions of a civil engineer. The functions of an engineer are to design, to construct, to advise, to operate, to investigate, and to supervise. It is his responsibility to make a plan a reality.An engineer must develop ideas that will produce an effective design; he must know and implement right construction methods and manners; he must advise his employer as to the feasibility of the proposed project, the cost which will be entailed, and the results which will be accomplished; he must investigate conditions and provide solutions to meet the needs in case problems are observed; he must supervise and make sure that the work is done according to the plan; and he must see to it that the works which have been created from his plan and under his supervision will properly perform its intended purpose.In order for an engineer to perform suc h functions, it is important for him to have skills in critical thinking, complex problem solving, operation analysis, and judgment and decision making. He must use logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems; he must identify complex problems and review related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions; he must be able to analyze needs and product requirements to create a design; and he should consider the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.Thus, a civil engineer ought to have knowledge in mathematics to solve mathematical problems; knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology and this includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and service; knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precisio n technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models; knowledge of building and construction specifically of the materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads; and the last but the least is the knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar. It is a common notion that engineers do not need so much of English language but it should also be considered that success in engineering depends as much upon the ability to present an idea convincingly as it does upon the ability to perform calculations or experiments.You may perform the most miraculous experiment in the laboratory, yet you have not contributed anything to the advancement of knowledge until you have shared your results to others. It is by means of speech and writing that the discoveries made in the laboratories are made useful. Engineering w ork is not finished until the results are clearly recorded and presented to others. The everyday use of English by the engineers is to write technical reports on his work for presentation to other engineers or to the management. These reports must present the results of his investigation in an accurate and orderly manner to those immediately interested in the work, and also to acquaint executives with the progress being made on the subject. In a larger ense, the engineer has an opportunity to use English in furthering the general understanding of the economic forces at work in our civilization. It is the job of the engineer, who has the technical background, to interpret the technical facts upon which modern civilization is based into language which everyone can understand. The engineer who learns to master English and use it in these two important ways will do most to advance his chosen profession. He will be able to present his own investigations to his fellow engineers. More impo rtant still, he will be able to gain the understanding of our people who are interested in technical subjects, yet need them explained in simple language.The civil engineer has the challenge to satisfy the vital needs of the society as a global player who is able to design, build, manage and maintain complex infrastructure projects with a global approach, taking into account socio-economical and environmental interactions. He is a generalist with high competences in various fields such as structures, hydraulic schemes and energy, geotechnics and tunnelling, transportation infrastructures and systems, language and management, legal and economical aspects as well as environmental issues. Civil engineers work in multidisciplinary and very often multicultural teams. They are challenged to create the necessary infrastructures for the prosperity of the economy, hence guaranteeing the whole population an adequate standard of life. The Engineer and His Education The Engineer and His Education â€Å"The term civil engineering describes engineering work performed by civilians for non-military purposes. In general it describes the profession of designing and executing structural works for the general public and the communal environment. Civil engineering covers different areas of engineering, including the design and construction of large buildings, roads, bridges, canals, railway lines, airports, water-supply systems, dams, irrigation, harbour, docks, aqueducts, and tunnels. â€Å"The civil engineer needs a thorough knowledge of surveying, of the properties and mechanics of construction materials, of the mechanics of structures and soils, and of hydraulics and fluid mechanics. Today civil engineering includes the production and distribution of energy, the development of aircrafts and airports, the construction of chemical process plants and nuclear power stations, and water desalination. Brieger, N. & Pohl, A. Technical English Vocabulary an d Grammar. Oxford: Summertown, 2002. p. 44 Civil engineering’s scope is so broad and given with the definition above denotes a wide variety of functions of a civil engineer. The functions of an engineer are to design, to construct, to advise, to operate, to investigate, and to supervise. It is his responsibility to make a plan a reality.An engineer must develop ideas that will produce an effective design; he must know and implement right construction methods and manners; he must advise his employer as to the feasibility of the proposed project, the cost which will be entailed, and the results which will be accomplished; he must investigate conditions and provide solutions to meet the needs in case problems are observed; he must supervise and make sure that the work is done according to the plan; and he must see to it that the works which have been created from his plan and under his supervision will properly perform its intended purpose.In order for an engineer to perform suc h functions, it is important for him to have skills in critical thinking, complex problem solving, operation analysis, and judgment and decision making. He must use logic and reasoning to identify the strengths and weaknesses of alternative solutions, conclusions or approaches to problems; he must identify complex problems and review related information to develop and evaluate options and implement solutions; he must be able to analyze needs and product requirements to create a design; and he should consider the relative costs and benefits of potential actions to choose the most appropriate one.Thus, a civil engineer ought to have knowledge in mathematics to solve mathematical problems; knowledge of the practical application of engineering science and technology and this includes applying principles, techniques, procedures, and equipment to the design and production of various goods and service; knowledge of design techniques, tools, and principles involved in production of precisio n technical plans, blueprints, drawings, and models; knowledge of building and construction specifically of the materials, methods, and the tools involved in the construction or repair of houses, buildings, or other structures such as highways and roads; and the last but the least is the knowledge of the structure and content of the English language including the meaning and spelling of words, rules of composition, and grammar. It is a common notion that engineers do not need so much of English language but it should also be considered that success in engineering depends as much upon the ability to present an idea convincingly as it does upon the ability to perform calculations or experiments.You may perform the most miraculous experiment in the laboratory, yet you have not contributed anything to the advancement of knowledge until you have shared your results to others. It is by means of speech and writing that the discoveries made in the laboratories are made useful. Engineering w ork is not finished until the results are clearly recorded and presented to others. The everyday use of English by the engineers is to write technical reports on his work for presentation to other engineers or to the management. These reports must present the results of his investigation in an accurate and orderly manner to those immediately interested in the work, and also to acquaint executives with the progress being made on the subject. In a larger ense, the engineer has an opportunity to use English in furthering the general understanding of the economic forces at work in our civilization. It is the job of the engineer, who has the technical background, to interpret the technical facts upon which modern civilization is based into language which everyone can understand. The engineer who learns to master English and use it in these two important ways will do most to advance his chosen profession. He will be able to present his own investigations to his fellow engineers. More impo rtant still, he will be able to gain the understanding of our people who are interested in technical subjects, yet need them explained in simple language.The civil engineer has the challenge to satisfy the vital needs of the society as a global player who is able to design, build, manage and maintain complex infrastructure projects with a global approach, taking into account socio-economical and environmental interactions. He is a generalist with high competences in various fields such as structures, hydraulic schemes and energy, geotechnics and tunnelling, transportation infrastructures and systems, language and management, legal and economical aspects as well as environmental issues. Civil engineers work in multidisciplinary and very often multicultural teams. They are challenged to create the necessary infrastructures for the prosperity of the economy, hence guaranteeing the whole population an adequate standard of life.

Bohrium Facts - Element 107 or Bh

Bohrium Facts - Element 107 or Bh Bohrium is a transition metal with atomic number 107 and element symbol Bh. This man-made element is radioactive and toxic. Here is a collection of interesting bohrium element facts, including its properties, sources, history, and uses. Bohrium is a synthetic element. To date, it has only been produced in a lab and has not been found in nature. It is expected to be a dense solid metal at room temperature.Credit for the discovery and isolation of element 107 is given to Peter Armbruster, Gottfried  Mà ¼nzenberg, and their team (German) at the GSI Helmholtz Centre or Heavy Ion Research in Darmstadt. In 1981, they bombarded a bismuth-209 target with chromium-54 nuclei to obtain 5 atoms of bohrium-262. However, the first production of the element may have been in 1976 when Yuri Oganessian and his team bombarded bismuth-209 and lead-208 targets with chromium-54 and manganese-58 nuclei (respectively). The team believed it obtained bohrium-261 and dubnium-258, which decays into bohrium-262. However, the IUPAC/IUPAP Transfermium Working Group (TWG) did not feel there was conclusive evidence of bohrium production.The German group proposed the element name nielsbohrium with element symbol Ns to honor physicist Niel Bohr. T he Russian scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia suggested the element name be given to element 105. In the end, 105 was named dubnium, so the Russian team agreed to the German proposed name for element 107. However, the IUPAC committee recommended the name be revised to bohrium because there were no other elements with a complete name in them. The discoverers did not embrace this proposal, believing the name bohrium was too close to the element name boron. Even so, the IUPAC officially recognized bohrium as the name for element 107 in 1997. Experimental data indicates bohrium shares chemical properties with its homologue element rhenium, which is located directly above it on the periodic table. Its most stable oxidation state is expected to be 7.All isotopes of bohrium are unstable and radioactive. Known isotopes range in atomic mass from 260-262, 264-267, 270-272, and 274. At least one metastable state is known. The isotopes decay via alpha decay. Other isotopes may be susceptible to spontaneous fission. The most stable isotope is bohium-270, which has a half-life of 61 seconds.At present, the only uses for bohrium are for experiments to learn more about its properties and to use it to synthesize isotopes of other elements.Bohrium serves no biological function. Because it is a heavy metal and decays to produce alpha particles, it is extremely toxic. Bohrium Properties Element Name: Bohrium Element Symbol: Bh Atomic Number: 107 Atomic Weight: [270] based on longest-lived isotope Electron Configuration:  [Rn] 5f14  6d5  7s2 (2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 13, 2) Discovery: Gesellschaft fà ¼r Schwerionenforschung, Germany  (1981) Element Group: transition metal, group 7, d-block element Element Period: period 7 Phase: Bohrium is predicted to be a solid metal at room temperature. Density:  37.1  g/cm3  (predicted near room temperature) Oxidation States:  7, (5), (4), (3) with states in parentheses predicted ones Ionization Energy:  1st:  742.9  kJ/mol,  2nd:  1688.5  kJ/mol (estimate),  3rd:  2566.5  kJ/mol (estimate) Atomic Radius: 128 picometers (empirical data) Crystal Structure: predicted to be hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Selected References: Oganessian, Yuri Ts.; Abdullin, F. Sh.; Bailey, P. D.; et al. (2010-04-09).  Synthesis of a New Element with Atomic Number  Z117.  Physical Review Letters. American Physical Society.  104  (142502). Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G.T.; Organessian, Yu. Ts.; Zvara, I.; Armbruster, P.; Hessberger, F.P.; Hofmann, S.; Leino, M.; Munzenberg, G.; Reisdorf, W.; Schmidt, K.-H. (1993). Responses on Discovery of the transfermium elements by Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, California; Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna; and Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt followed by reply to responses by the Transfermium Working Group.  Pure and Applied Chemistry.  65  (8): 1815–1824. Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). Transactinides and the future elements. In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean.  The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements  (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands:  Springer ScienceBusiness Media. Fricke, Burkhard (1975).  Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties.  Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry.  21: 89–144.

Imperative Mood - Definition and Examples in English

Imperative Mood s in English In English grammar, the imperative mood is the form of the verb that makes direct commands and requests, such as Sit still and Count your blessings. The imperative mood uses the zero infinitive form, which (with the exception of be) is the same as the second person in the present tense. There are three major moods in English: the indicative mood is used to make factual statements or pose questions, the imperative mood to express a request or command, and the (rarely used) subjunctive mood to show a wish, doubt, or anything else contrary to fact. Etymology From the Latin, command Examples Save Ferris. (Slogan in the movie Ferris Buellers Day Off, 1986)Be kind, for everyone you meet is fighting a hard battle. (Philo of Alexandria)Read, every day, something no one else is reading. Think, every day, something no one else is thinking. Do, every day, something no one else would be silly enough to do. It is bad for the mind to be always part of unanimity. (Christopher Morleys final message to friends, colleagues, and readers, published in The New York Times after his death on March 28, 1957)Go to the edge of the cliff and jump off. Build your own wings on the way down. (Ray Bradbury, Brown Daily Herald, March 24, 1995)If this is coffee, please bring me some tea; but if this is tea, please bring me some coffee. (attributed to President Abraham Lincoln)Roar, roar, roar, Henderson-Sungo. Do not be afraid. Let go of yourself. Snarl greatly. Feel the lion.(Saul Bellow, Henderson the Rain King. Viking, 1959)Touch the great artery. Feel it bound like a deer in the might of its lig htness, and know the thunderless boil of the blood. Lean for a bit against this bone. It is the only memento you will leave to this earth. Its tacitness is everlasting. In the hush of the tissue wait with me for the shaft of pronouncement. Press your ear against this body, the way you did when you were a child holding a seashell and heard faintly the half-remembered, longed-for sea. (Richard Selzer, The Surgeon as Priest. Mortal Lessons: Notes on the Art of Surgery. Simon Schuster, 1976) Let the river rock you like a cradleClimb to the treetops, child, if youre ableLet your hands tie a knot across the table.Come and touch the things you cannot feel.And close your fingertips and fly where I cant hold youLet the sun-rain fall and let the dewy clouds enfold youAnd maybe you can sing to me the words I just told you,If all the things you feel aint what they seem.And dont mind me cause I aint nothin but a dream.(lyrics by Jerry Merrick, sung by Richie Havens, Follow)Shut up, Brain, or Ill stab you with a Q-tip! (Homer Simpson of The Simpsons)Never give in  . Never give in. Never, never, never, neverin nothing, great or small, large or pettynever give in, except to convictions of honor and good sense. Never yield to force. Never yield to the apparently overwhelming might of the enemy. (Winston Churchill)Get up, stand up, Stand up for your rights.Get up, stand up, Dont give up the fight. (Bob Marley, Get Up, Stand Up!)Just do it. (Nike advertising slogan) Come in, then. Dont stand staring. Close that door quick! Hustle! Dont scrape your feet on the floor. Try to look intelligent. Dont gape. (P.G. Wodehouse, Something Fresh, 1915) Pronunciation: im-PAR-uh-tiv mood

Ocean Liner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Ocean Liner - Essay Example The Vice President of Finance for Ocean Carriers has received an attractive proposal from a prospective customer who wants to lease a ship for the period of three years from the company. The customer, his offer and contract terms are all feasible, but the problem is that the company does not have any ship available at that time to meet the customer’s unique needs. Therefore, the company needs to urgently purchase a new ship so as to fulfill the customer’s request on time, or on the contrary reject the customer’s proposal. The problem underlying the case is not merely concerning the acceptance or rejection of the lease proposal by the customer. As the company cannot meet the customer’s demand simply with any of the available ships, it either needs to purchase a new ship matching the customer’s needs or to reject the proposal altogether. This does not concern the company with a single moment of thought regarding a new investment. The problem basically lies in investigating and analyzing the attractiveness of the customer offer against the investment that the company needs to make in this project. The crux of the issue is whether or not the company should purchase the new ship, which is necessary if Ocean Carrier wants to accept the proposal of this customer; otherwise the company will have to forego the attractive return offered. Secondly, the customer is willing to contract the ship for a period of three years, while the life of the ship would be 25 years. However as per the company’s policy, it utilizes a ship for no more than 15 years of its operations. Therefore, the investment in this new ship exclusively for this customer’s request needs to be analyzed in the perspective if the market environment is feasible for the purchase of new ship and that the ship can be used to generate returns for the company